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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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______ ______ is a measure of the difference between the reflectivity of two or more surfaces.
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Terrain Contrast
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What is the biggest disadvantage to aircrew while flying in a spread formation when utilizing NVGs?
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PAC constantly has to shift his scan from between the lead aircraft and his direction of travel (or demanding scan pattern and poor forward SA).
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There are many visual perceptional limitations associated with NVDs. Which of the following are other limitations associated with NVD use?
a. Fatigue b. Spatial disorientation c. Breakdown of crew coordination d. Complacency e. All of the above |
e. All of the above
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Luminance is dependent entirely on ________________________.
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reflected energy emanating from the terrain
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The increased scan with NVGs must be balanced against excessive head movement as the potential for ______ and ______ increases with increased head movement.
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disorientation
fatigue |
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What are three major factors that influence NVD performance?
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1) Illumination / Thermal Scene
2) Terrain Contrast 3) Atmospheric Conditions |
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In order to overcome the reduced NVG FOV an ______, ______ ______ is essential.
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active, aggressive scan
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NVGs operate in both the ______ and ______ spectrum.
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Visible
Near IR |
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The NVGs will "shut down" as they degain from the input of bright light. It takes less than ______ for the NVGs to recover.
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one second
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Flights of up to four aircraft, operating outside of restricted airspace (not covered by FAA exemption) at night, shall display the following lighting:
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- Lead through dash three's navigation lights on at the highest intensity compatible with NVD operations
- The last aircraft's anti-collision on and navigation lights on at an appropriate setting for ambient conditions and will be visible to non-participating aircraft - Form and blade tip lighting on the highest intensity compatible with NVD operations - IR lighting at the discretion of the TAC/flight leader |
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As ambient illumination decreases, the area illuminated by an IR searchlight will be ______ and the area outside of the beam will appear ______ on the NVGs.
a. darker / brighter b. brighter / darker c. washed out / clear d. brighter / brighter |
b. brighter / darker
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In regards to FLIR theory, the point where the background temperature passes the target temperature is called the ______.
a. zero Delta T point b. diurnal crossover c. negative contrast point d. heating and cooling cycle |
b. diurnal crossover
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What makes cockpit lighting NVG compatible?
a. Lights are exceptionally dim b. Lights do not fall within the spectral sensitivity range of NVGs c. Lights are infrared |
b. Lights do not fall within the spectral sensitivity range of NVGs
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True / False
The most common adjustment errors (even for experienced aircrew) involve IPD, eyepiece or diopter lens focus, and objective lens focus adjustments. |
TRUE
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The NVGs will "shut-down" as they degain from the input of bright light. It takes less than ______ for the NVGs to recover.
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1 second
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List three types of fatigue.
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1) Acute
2) Cumulative 3) Circadian |
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Of the options below, select the one that possesses the least albedo.
a. concrete b. snow c. desert/sand d. asphalt |
d. asphalt
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The minimum acceptable visual acuity while using the AN/AVS-9 under HLL conditions is ______.
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20/25
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Due to lack of terrain density, aircrew must rely heavily on ______ ______ when flying over open water at night.
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flight instruments
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While wearing NVGs, objects will appear ______ ______ than they actually are.
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further away
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Moonless nights have significant usable light for NVG operations. This is because of the large ____________ _____ composition of the night sky illumination which matches the peak sensitivity of AN/AVS-9 NVGs.
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Near IR
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True / False
Following pre-flight use of the ANV-20/20 (Hoffman Box), verification of the infinity focus should be conducted by viewing an object at least 100 ft away. |
TRUE
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Which system will be able to acquire vehicle lights to help determine the presence of a road?
a. NVG HUD b. FLIR c. NVGs d. None of the above |
c. NVGs
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True / False
Deploying chaff expendables at night is completely covert. |
FALSE
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True / False
The AN/AVS-9 does afford protection to the aircrewman from the laser in that it will protect the sensitive central field of view of the eye. |
TRUE
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______ ______ ______ circuitry automatically adjusts ______ ______ ______ voltage to maintain NVG image brightness at a preset output for a wide range of illumination levels by controlling the number of electrons that exit the ______ ______ ______.
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Automatic Brightness Control
Micro Channel Plate Micro Channel Plate |
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List 10 route planning considerations.
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1) Avoid brightly lit areas
2) Avoid NAVAIDs and airports 3) Avoid heading changes > 60 degrees 4) Fly on illuminated side of valleys 5) Avoid flying directly into low moon 6) Avoid being silhouetted by the moon 7) Anticipate wires near roads, towers & buildings 8) Avoid towers 9) Do not parallel roads, rivers, or railroads 10) Fly final leg (IP to LZ) into wind |
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The internal components of the image intensifier tube include the ______, the ______ ______ ______, and the ______ ______.
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Photocathode
Micro Channel Plate Phosphor Screen |
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Prominent terrain features and buildings are recognizable and may be acquired at ranges up to ______ meters during HLL conditions.
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11000
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When flying over water with AN/AVS-9s, a surface wind or swells will cause whitecaps, which will help provide visual ______ to assist in altitude and speed estimation.
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contrast
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One of the most common mis-adjustments made with the AN/AVS-9 is ______.
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Interpupillary Distance (IPD)
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True / False
The Solar/Lunar Almanac Program (SLAP) is the only approved means of determining available ambient illumination. |
TRUE
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The primary considerations for planning NVG exterior lighting configurations should be:
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a) How well the aircraft within the flight can detect one another, and
b) How easily the flight may be detected by aircraft or threats external to the flight. |
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Plan to negotiate large valleys on the ______ side with respect to the moon's position.
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illuminated
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The bright source protection feature is extremely important because the service life of the third generation tube is largely a function of the ______ service life.
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Photocathode
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True / False
Because of reduced visual cues at night, wingman should consider increasing separation in order to provide more reaction time. |
FALSE
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True / False
Routes into a rising or setting moon will increase the illumination levels and will make flying on NVGs easier. |
FALSE
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When considering the threat during NVG missions we must look at how effective the enemy is under the cover of darkness. Areas of particular interest are:
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Detection capability at night, weapons system capability at night and the possible use of artificial illumination.
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Visible light and near IR energy are considered to possess ______ energy characteristics.
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reflected
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Most of the time, open deserts present a washed-out image through the NVGs due to poor ______.
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contrast or terrain density
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Which NVD system will be able to acquire vehicle lights to help determine the presence of a road?
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NVGs
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True / False
The Solar/Lunar Almanac Program (SLAP) is capable of computing shadow length by taking into consideration the moon angle and an object's height. |
TRUE
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The ______ is the most important environmental factor controlling the performance of the FLIR and NVGs.
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Atmosphere
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True / False
Electro-Optical Tactical Decision Aid (EOTDA) data can provide NVG/FLIR acquisition ranges to targets or obstacles under varying light levels at specific locations and can provide laser propagation data. |
TRUE
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In regards to FLIR theory, the point where the background temperature passes the target temperature is called the ______.
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Diurnal Crossover
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True / False
When waving off from a dusty LZ, a vigorous power application combined with an extreme nose-low attitude is the best technique for clearing a dust cloud. |
FALSE
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The best maneuver element for NVG operations (as in day operations) is:
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The smallest element capable of accomplishing the mission.
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______ ______ ______ limits the number of electrons that leave the photocathode by reducing the voltage between the ______ and the input side of the MCP. This feature automatically activates when high input light levels cause excessive ______ current flow.
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Bright Source Protection
Photocathode Photocathode |
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Wingmen may want to establish ______ to better observe lead when flying in the vicinity of cities or other lighted areas.
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Step-down
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FLIR performance is most affected by what three atmospheric molecules?
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1) Water
2) Carbon Dioxide 3) Ozone |
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Which are most important checkpoints when flying a route using NVGs?
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The first and last
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Considerations for flare utilization at night are not any different than for day operations.
True / False |
FALSE
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A minimum of ______ extra set of goggles should be carried on the aircraft as a replacement set for any that become inoperable.
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one
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True / False
Hovering/landing in open areas of grass, sand or snow may be disorienting due to blowing grass, sand or snow and the lack of a stationary reference point. |
TRUE
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What is the primary responsibility of the PILOT AT THE CONTROLS (PAC) during a night flight?
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Avoiding obstacles and maintaining control of the aircraft.
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The chances of entering inadvertent IMC are increased due to the NVG ability to see through some atmospheric obscurants as well as their inability to detect others until it is too late. The five potential cues that show a reduction in ambient illumination are:
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1) Increased "halo effect" around point light sources
2) Degraded NVG image 3) Obscuration of the moon and stars 4) NVG image scintillation 5) Loss of ground lights |
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The AN/AVS-9 objective lens can be focused from ______ to beyond ______ ______.
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25 mm
optical infinity |
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The field of the view for the AN/AVS-9 is ______.
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40 degrees
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The accuracy of crew served weapons fires can be significantly improved during NVG missions by the use of the ______.
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AIM-1 or GCP-2 or PEQ-3 laser
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List the 10 checkpoint selection criteria.
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1) Unique natural or man-made
2) Contrast with surrounding terrain 3) Avoid towns and brightly lit areas 4) Should be confirmable 5) Not in shadows 6) No further than 20 NM apart 7) Prominent barrier features 8) Note MSL altitude in mountainous terrain 9) Select intermediate reference points 10) First and last are most important |
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True / False
When utilizing evasive actions at night, assault aircraft should avoid breaking off into numerous directions, as this will increase the possibility of a mid-air collision and also increase the difficulty of reorganizing the flight. |
TRUE
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For NVG aided operations, aircrew should plan for NVGs to be most effective following the ______, or when the sun is at least ______ below the horizon.
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End of Evening Nautical Twilight (EENT)
12 degrees |
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The ______ ______ filter on the objective lens restricts the spectral content of energy entering the image intensifier tube below ______ nm.
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Minus Blue
625 nm |
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______ is the distance between the pupils of the eyes.
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Interpupillary distance (IPD)
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Flights operating in restricted areas with NVDs (not exclusive) shall operate as follows:
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- Lead to but not including the last aircraft may have navigation and anti-collision lights off
- Shall have form and blade tip lights on the highest intensity compatible with NVD operations - Shall have the last aircraft in each flight with anti-collision lights on and navigation lights at the highest intensity compatible with NVD operations |
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Three primary terrain factors that need to be examined for proper NVG mission planning are:
1) ____________ 2) ____________ 3) ____________ |
1) Terrain Reflectivity (Albedo)
2) Terrain Contrast 3) Terrain Shadowing |
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True / False
Obscurants such as smoke or haze impact FLIR performance much more than NVGs. |
FALSE
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The ability to see terrain features with NVGs is solely a function of the ____________.
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amount of light reflected by the terrain
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On a moonless night, approximately ______ of the light is provided by emissions from atoms and molecules in the upper atmosphere known as ______.
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40%
airglow |
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True / False
In a non-restricted area covered by an FAA exemption all aircraft in the flight except dash last may secure their navigation lights? |
TRUE
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True / False
Wrapping the NVG neck cord around the visor housing on the helmet will defeat the purpose of the breakaway mount and will increase the risk of neck injury, even in a minor mishap. |
TRUE
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When can the NVG field of view be less than the designed optimal 40 degrees?
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When the eyepiece lenses are too far away from the eyes.
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Thick, dense clouds can be ______ seen with NVGs, while thin, wispy clouds can be ______ to see with NVGs.
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easily
difficult |
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True / False
Light mist or rain may not be seen on NVGs. |
TRUE
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Of the options listed below, select the one that possesses the least albedo.
a. concrete b. snow c. desert / sand d. asphalt |
d. asphalt
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There are many visual perceptional limitations associated with NVDs. Name four limitations.
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Fatigue
Spatial Disorientation Breakdown in crew coordination Complacency |
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To properly focus the AN/AVS-9 NVG, the focus procedures in order are:
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Objective focus, Eyepiece (Diopter) focus, Re-adjustment of Objective focus, focus of opposite monocular
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When landing in a dusty or snowy LZ, a ______ scan is imperative. Large power deviations during landing transition serve to ______ the "brown-out" or "white-out" and other disorientation problems.
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close-in
increase |
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True / False
NVD aided operations allow you to assume a day VFR posture for mission planning or execution. |
FALSE
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The inside passages of the MCP are coated with a material that causes secondary electron emissions. As a result, for every electron that enters the MCP, ______ or more will exit.
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1000
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True / False
Depth perception is easily acquired using NVGs. |
TRUE
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When operating in restricted areas with NVDs:
1) Which aircraft may have navigation and anti-collision lights off? 2) Which aircraft must have navigation and anti-collision lights on at the highest intensity compatible with NVD operations? 3) What is the maximum distance and separation the flight must not exceed? |
Lead through but not including dash last.
The last aircraft. 1 NM |
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True / False
If the enemy has an NVD capability, securing all but your infrared exterior lights will ensure that you are able to maintain a covert posture. |
FALSE
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The ______ is the basic element for all formations.
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section
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True / False
The use of covert flares at night will completely deny the enemy's ability to visually acquire the MV-22B. |
FALSE
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Nautical, Astronomical, and Civil Twilight occur prior to sunrise and after sunset. List the number of degrees below the horizon for each.
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Nautical Twilight is 12 degrees
Astronomical Twilight is 18 degrees Civil Twilight is 6 degrees |
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True / False
When the NVGs are correctly aligned, there should be no shading of any part of the image. |
TRUE
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If NVGs are mounted too far away from an aircrewman's eyes, that aircrewman will experience:
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Significant loss of field of view.
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The moon is approximately ______ brighter during the first quarter than during the third quarter.
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20%
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______ ______ is the primary factor which determines lunar illumination.
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Lunar cycle (or phase)
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What makes cockpit lighting NVG compatible?
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Lights do not fall within the spectral sensitivity range of NVGs.
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Upon illumination of the low battery light using alkaline batteries, the AN/AVS-9 NVGs can continue to operate for up to how long?
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5-10 hours
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Name three approved methods of NVG preflight focusing.
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1) TS-4348
2) NVG eye lane 3) ANV-20/20 (Hoffman Box) |
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All aircrew flying NVG (HLL) flights will fly with a qualified ______ unless the squadron commanding officer has designated the entire aircrew ______.
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NSI / NSFI
NSQ (HLL) |
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The minimum acceptable visual acuity while using the AN/AVS-9 under HLL conditions is _______.
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20/25
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The final objective lens infinity focus adjustment can be accomplished by focusing on an object at least ______ feet away, preferably using an object with well-developed vertical and horizontal features.
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100
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True / False
No pilot shall sign for an aircraft at night without having flown that model aircraft in the last 14 days. |
False (15 days)
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True / False
The cumulative effect of fatigue means that the second night of a training period can be more tiring than the first and that as the training period progresses the effects can become significant. |
TRUE
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True / False
Thin, wispy clouds have greater spaces between particles, therefore a greater amount of the near IR radiation will be passed through without scattering. For this reason, it is possible for the thin, wispy clouds to be invisible to the naked eye, but visible when viewed through NVGs. |
FALSE
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True / False
A common tendency among aviators is to over-fly the capabilities of the NVGs |
TRUE
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True / False
On unaided night flights, NSQ (LLL) aircrewmen may wear and temporarily utilize NVGs to enhance situational awareness, terrain avoidance, and safety. |
TRUE
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The NSI certification stage of the flight syllabus must be completed within ______ months following the first IUT flight.
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6
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Four factors that influence the amount of light provided by the moon (disregarding local atmospheric conditions) are:
1) _________________ 2) _________________ 3) _________________ 4) _________________ |
1) Lunar Cycle
2) Moon Angle 3) Lunar Albedo (reflectivity) 4) variation in earth-moon distance |
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The AN/AVS-9 objective lens can be focuses from ______ to beyond ______ ______.
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25 mm
optical infinity |
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The function of the phosphor screen is to convert ______ energy back into a ______ image for the eye to use.
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Electrical (or electron)
Visible |
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Prerequisites for becoming an NSI include:
1) Designated ______ leader 2) Designated ______ instructor 3) ______ and proficient IAW MCO P3500.14 and MCO P3500.34 |
1) division
2) LAT 3) Night Systems Qualified (NSQ) |
|
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True / False
Thermal scene characteristics are critical factors for NVG operations. |
FALSE
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True / False
Dialing in too much negative diopter may cause severe eyestrain or headache. |
TRUE
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True / False
Because of excessive workload during initial NVG training, crew coordination concepts should not be introduced until the individual pilot has gained an acceptable comfort level. |
FALSE
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True / False
When viewing the NVG visual acuity targets (i.e., NVG eye lane, ANV-20/20 target, etc.) the objective is to be able to discern between the horizontal and vertical lines. |
TRUE
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What is the recommended eye relief distance (in mm) for the AN/AVS-9 NVGs?
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25 mm
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True / False
Following pre-flight use of the ANV-20/20 (Hoffman Box), verification of the infinity focus should be conducted by viewing an object at least 100 ft away. |
TRUE
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During low light level operations, pilots have a tendency to ______ altitude.
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increase
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Assault aircraft should use ______ ______ when calling out threats to attached escorts.
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magnetic heading
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If the NVG eyelane was used, the AN/AVS-9 was focused to ______ feet, therefore it will be necessary to refocus the AN/AVS-9 at ______ before flight using only the ______ lens.
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20
infinity objective |
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During section NVG flights, most visual cues for attitude and closure rate are lost in the ___ o'clock position.
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6
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True / False
The sensitivity region of Generation III image intensifier tubes is filtered back by the addition of a minus blue objective lens filter coating. This creates a window of opportunity in the blue-green region of the color spectrum that can be used for NVG compatible cockpit lighting. |
TRUE
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______ is defined as the amount of light generated by a light source.
|
Illuminance
|
|
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True / False
Increasing the IPD will increase the FOV. |
FALSE
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In terms of obscurants, such as sand or dust, the ______ ______ and ______ of those obscurants will determine the overall affect on NVD performance.
|
particle size
density |
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Which of the following components collimates the NVG image and provides the needed inversion to produce the upright image?
a. Micro Channel Plate b. Phosphor Screen c. Fiber Optic Inverter d. Photocathode |
c. Fiber Optic Inverter
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Which one of the following components is responsible for converting incoming visible and near IR energy into electrical energy in the form of electrons?
a. Micro Channel Plate b. Phosphor Screen c. Fiber Optic Inverter d. Photocathode |
d. Photocathode
|
|
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Which of the following are major factors that influence NVD performance?
a. Illumination / Thermal Scene b. Terrain Contrast c. Atmospheric Conditions d. All of the above |
d. All of the above
|
|
|
Light mist or rain may not be seen by NVGs.
True / False |
TRUE
|
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What is the primary responsibility of the PILOT NOT AT THE CONTROLS (PNAC) during a night flight?
|
Navigation, avoiding obstacles, and keeping the aircraft on course.
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|
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______ circuitry automatically adjusts ______ voltage to maintain NVG image brightness at a preset output for a wide range of illumination levels by controlling the number of electrons that exit the ______.
a. Bright Source Protection / Photocathode / Photocathode b. Automatic Brightness Control / Photocathode / Photocathode c. Bright Source Protection / Micro Channel Plate / Micro Channel Plate d. Automatic Brightness Control / Micro Channel Plate / Micro Channel Plate |
d. Automatic Brightness Control / Micro Channel Plate / Micro Channel Plate
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|
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True / False
Flying a "stair step" approach during NVG shipboard operations will greatly enhance the pilot's ability to judge closure rate. |
FALSE
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Luminance is dependent entirely on ______.
|
reflected energy emanating from the terrain
|
|
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From the choices below, ______ is defined as the amount of light generated by a light source.
a. Contrast b. Luminance c. Albedo d. Illuminance |
d. Illuminance
|
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Terrain texture is important because it provides ______ and ______ ______ cues.
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recognition
depth perception |
|
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Of the below selections, identify which pair would have the greatest terrain contrast:
a. Dirt / Grass b. Asphalt / Grass c. Asphalt / Snow d. Sand / Leaf |
c. Asphalt / Snow
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As ambient illumination decreases, the area illuminated by an IR searchlight will be ______ and the area outside the beam will appear ______ on the NVGs.
|
brighter
darker |
|
|
Name the six possible natural illumination sources in the night sky on a moonless night.
1) ____________ 2) ____________ 3) ____________ 4) ____________ 5) ____________ 6) ____________ |
1) Starlight
2) Airglow 3) Auroras 4) Gegenscheins 5) Zodiac Lights 6) Noctilucent Clouds |
|
|
The field of view for the AN/AVS-9 is ______.
|
40 degrees
|
|
|
For NVG aided operations, aircrew should plan for NVGs to be most effective following the ______, or when the sun has set at least ______ below the horizon.
|
End of Evening Nautical Twilight (EENT)
12 degrees |
|
|
The approximate field of view (FOV) of the human eye is ______ x ______.
|
180 degrees (horizontal) x 140 degrees (vertical)
|
|
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Starlight provides about ______ lux.
|
0.0022
|
|
|
True / False
Cumulative fatigue is intense tiredness or exhaustion felt as a result of the natural build-up of muscular metabolic wastes. |
False (Acute Fatigue)
|
|
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Which of the following components converts electrical (or electron) energy back into a visible image for the eye?
a. Micro Channel Plate b. Phosphor Screen c. Fiber Optic Inverter d. Photocathode |
b. Phosphor Screen
|
|
|
Moonless nights have significant usable light for NVG operations. This is because of the large ______ ___ composition of night sky illumination which matches the peak sensitivity of AN/AVS-9 NVGs.
|
near IR
|
|
|
Most of the time, open deserts present a washed out image through the NVGs due to poor ______.
|
contrast or terrain density
|
|
|
The ability to see terrain features with NVGs is solely a function of the ______.
|
amount of light reflected by the terrain
|
|
|
To properly focus the AN/AVS-9 NVG, the focus procedures in order are:
A. Objective focus, Eyepiece or Diopter focus, Re-adjustment of Objective focus, Focus of opposite monocular. B. Eyepiece or Diopter focus, Objective focus, Re-adjustment of Objective focus, Focus of opposite monocular. C. Focus both objective lens, Focus both eyepiece or Diopter focus simultaneously. D. The order has no impact on the performance of the NVG. |
A. Objective focus, Eyepiece or Diopter focus, Re-adjustment of Objective focus, Focus of opposite monocular.
|
|
|
True / False
Wrapping the NVG neck cord around the visor housing on the helmet will not defeat the purpose of the breakaway mount and will increase the risk of neck injury, even in a minor mishap. |
TRUE
|
|
|
Nautical, Astronomical, and Civil Twilight occur prior to sunrise and after sunset. List the number of degrees below the horizon for each:
Civil Twilight Nautical Twilight Astronomical Twilight |
Civil Twilight = 6 degrees
Nautical Twilight = 12 degrees Astronomical Twilight = 18 degrees |
|
|
While wearing NVGs, objects appear ______ ______ than they actually are.
|
further away
|
|
|
True / False
Dark adaptation is necessary for NVG use. |
FALSE
|
|
|
NVG training with troops under LLL conditions is authorized provided the following criteria are met:
Minimum aircrew shall include: ______, ______, ______, and ______ / ______. The entire crew shall be designated ______. The entire crew must have flown at least one hour of NVG time (HLL or LLL) within the last ______ days. |
pilot, copilot, crewchief and AO / gunner
NSQ LLL 30 |
|
|
The micro channel plate is tilted at approximately ______ to ______ the number of electrons that exit.
|
5 degrees
increase |
|
|
The target spot created by near IR LASER pointers (i.e. GCP, IZLID-II, etc.) is most pronounced under ______ light level conditions.
|
low
|
|
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Which category of terrain gradient (flat, rolling or rough) requires almost exclusive effort devoted to flight path monitoring when utilizing NVGs?
|
rough
|
|
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______ is defined as the ratio of the amount of light reflected from a surface to the amount of incident light.
|
Albedo
|
|
|
What two functions does the fiber optic inverter provide?
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1) Provides the needed inversion to produce an upright image
2) Collimates the image |
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True / False
All blue lights are NVG compatible. |
FALSE
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