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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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"Who Cares if You Listen"
- who, when, what |
1958
- Article by Milton Babbitt, The Composer as Specialist - Argues that "advanced" music is comparable to "advanced" physics/math |
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Audio-Vision
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by Michel Chion
- 1994 Book by French film critic about the soundtrack, image and sound relations |
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Auditorium Building
Built? Why? 1886: 1890: 1893: 1929: 1940s: 1960s: Influences (3) 5 features: |
Built: 1889, 1886 Haymarket May
1890: hotel opens 1893: exposition 1929: bankruptcy (NOT from Depression) 1940s: restoration 1960s: rock concerts (to opera, to musical theater, to dance now) Influences (3) Chicago Symphony 1891, Carnegie Hall 1891, Hill Auditorium 1913 5 features: bars, offices, first 24/7 pharmacy, theater, lookout tower |
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Back Beat/MTV
- criticized as? (2) - impact? |
- strong beat on 2 and 4
- revitalized music industry - Madonna, Peter Gabriel - Criticized as racist, sexist |
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Blacklisted
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- denied privileges, Pete Seeger by House Committee on Un-American Activities
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Chance & I Ching [Yi Ching]
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- Music in which some element of the composition is based on chance
- "Book of Changes," Chinese text, symbol system to identify order in chance |
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Copland's Five Functions for Film Music
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1. Creating convincing atmosphere of time and place
2. Underlining psychological refinements/the unspoken thoughts of a character or unseen implications of a situation (mood reversals) 3. Neutral background filler “to warm the screen” 4. Building a sense of continuity 5. Underpinning the theatrical build-up of a scene, and rounding it off with a sense of finality |
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Crawford's Three Spheres of U.S. Music
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1. Classical/Colonial Sphere: transcendence
2. Popular/Democratic Sphere: accessibility 3. Folk/Tradition Sphere: preservation |
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Don Juan (Year?)
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1926
- first movie with synchronized sound effects and music (not dialogue) - Warner Brothers, 1st use of Vitaphone |
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Electric Guitar (invented?)
- intended for? - symbol of? |
1920s
- Invented by Adolph Rickenbacker - Originally for Hawaiian slack key guitar - Essentially adapted acoustic to compete with swing bands in jazz - Becomes symbol of [male] power and expression in rock |
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Essays Before a Sonata (year?)
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1920
- Charles Ives' books published with music for those who "can't stand his music" and the music for those who "can't stand his essays," - "What has sound got to do with music?" |
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Fantasound (year?)
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1940
- development of sound track, 1st stereo - for Disney studio for Fantasia (1st film with multi-channel sound) |
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Folk Music According to Crawford (2 types)
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- Collector Song: a community song retained for generations, oral, group transformation
- Living tradition: exemplified by folk revival musicians, who adapt songs for contemporary purpose |
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Gender vs. biological sex
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- Sex: defined by nature, male/female, genetics: 23rd pair of chromosomes XX/XY
- Gender: defined by culture/society/history, heterosexual/homosexual/bisexual, clothing, voice, behavior Related to ethnic/class/racial studies Explores implicit meanings of the way we speak to ID background assumptions of "Normal" "Natural" or "universal," culturally specific |
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Harlem Renaissance
- when? - goal? - means? - 3 composers? |
1920s/1930s
- GOAL: argue for humanity/soul/civil rights of people treated as things, not humans - MEANS: Movement for social equality through artistic excellence - William Grant Still, William Dawson, Florence Price |
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Institutional Muse
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3 gears that work together to form artistic culture: artistic, society, financial
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Ives and Myrick (when?)
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1907
- insurance company founded in 1907 - instead of earning a living in music, becomes influential/successful businessman - created Estate Planning for wealthy, his book still used today |
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Main Title (definition and example)
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- type of cue that sets the mood, includes main themes
- "You've Got a Friend in Me," opening credits |
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March Form (7 parts, who defined?)
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1. Intro: 4 or 8 bars, forte
2. First Strain: Melody, 8 or 16 bars 3. Second Strain: Second Melody, 16 bars 4. (Intro to Trio) 5. Trio: Main Melody, softer, legato, woodwinds, contrast 6. Break Strain: 4th Melody, louder, intense 7. Trio again: grandioso, all sections of band SOUSA |
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Minimalism (when?)
- definition - cultural sources - 3 examples/composers |
1965
- repetition and slow change - cultural sources: rock/pop, Indian music - Philip Glass: Koyaanisqatsi - Steve Reich: Different Trains - Terry Riley: In C |
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Montage Sequence (definition and example)
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- type of cue, music provides continuity to disjointed set of images that summarize
- "Strange Things" as Buzz wins favor of Andy over Woody |
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New Musical Resources
- when written, when published, who, what |
1917, 1930
- Henry Cowell's technical study of music, search for piano-based sounds, tone clusters, playing on piano strings |
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O' Brother (when, what)
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2000, movie with folk music
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Old Negro vs. New Negro (definition, describe each)
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- ideology of Harlem Renaissance
- Old Negro: Jim Crow, Zip Coon, minstrel character - New Negro: Harlem Intellectual, suit and tie |
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Prepared Piano
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developed by John Cage to imitate percussion ensemble in limited space
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Pulitzer Prize for Music
- 1st? example? - 1st AA? When? |
- 1943: William Schuman
- 1947: Ives, Symphony No. 3 - 1996: George Walker, Lilacs |
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Riot Grrrl
- when/where? - what? - how? 6 ways |
- 1990s/NW
- Music, movement, individual performers (male and female) - Electric instruments, celebrated amateurism, all-female bands, all-female shows, internet culture, Indie record companies |
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Rock/Rock and Roll
1920s: 1930s/40s: Late 1940s/1950s: 1960s: 1970s on: 2 characteristics: ensemble? |
1920s: race records, AA music sold only to AA
1930s: rhythm and blues Late 1940s/1950s: Rock and Roll/Rockabilly (marketable to whites) 1960s: Subgenres 1970s on: metal, punk, grunge duple meter, strong backbeat ensemble: 1-2 electric guitars, electric bass, drums, keyboard |
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
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The nature of a language influences the habitual thought of its speakers
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Silence & Graphic Notation
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- "Tacet," instructions to be performed by an instrumentalist or combination of instrumentalists and last any length of time
- Symbols and text to instruct performance of experimental music |
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Sonny Bono Act
- AKA? - when? - what? - who supports? |
- 1998
- Copyright Extensions Act - extended copyright terms 20 years - Gershwin estate |
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Source Scoring
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shifts between diegetic/nondiegetic music
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Spotting Session
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composer, director, producer decided where music goes
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The Jazz Singer
- when? - significance? (2) - studio? actor? |
- 1927
- 1st movie with synchronized dialogue via Vitaphone - begin success of "talkies," decline of silent films - Warner Brothers, Al Jolson |
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Three components of sound track
- effect in Toy Story |
Dialogue, effects, music
- gives toys emotional dimension; no music in human world, makes film dramatic |
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Warner Brothers and Vitaphone
- what is it/when? - why use it? |
- sound-on-disc 1st in 1926
- control of music, allow for symphonies in every town |
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What to Listen for in Music's Three Planes of Listening + Mark's
- written when? revised when? - 3 planes, + Mark's |
- 1939, revised 1954
1. Sensuous plane (unconscious pleasure) 2. Expressive plane (meaning/symbol) 3. Purely musical plane “the notes themselves” (technical/music theory, form, key, motive) MARK'S: Associative Plane: early experiences (personal & in movie) context (political, historical, performance history) |
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Aaron Copland: 1900-1990
- studied with? - compositional method? - characteristics? (3) - Influences? (4) - Describe 4 periods - Formulas (2) - 3 film scores - politics? |
- Nadia Boulanger
- composed at piano, orchestration last - open harmonies, perfect intervals, folk tunes - Serial music, polystylistic, jazz/irregular rhythms, colorful orchestration - Formative, jazz (theater), abstract (isolation in NY), populist (folk) - communist sympathetic - Copland = Accessible Populism + Experimental Modernisms = melodies + disjointed rhythms = open harmonies + pitch clusters |
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Al Jolson
- 2 significant performances |
- 1st performance of "Swanee" 1919
- The Jazz Singer 1927 |
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Alan "Moondog" Freed
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Cleveland DJ, coined "rock and roll" in 1951
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Alfred Newman
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head of family of composers: son Thomas Newman (American Beauty, Finding Nemo, American Gladiator, Green Mile, Fried Green Tomatoes), nephew Randy Newman (Toy Story, A Bug's Life, Monsters, Inc.
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Alton Adams: 1889- 1987
- musical philosophy? (4) - Firsts (4) - Influences (3) - Impact |
1. All people are born with musical abilities- tone deafness is a curable disease
2. Cultural Health is directly related to Community Health 3. Music can shape community, realize the individual 4. Music is for all- race irrelevant 1. 1st AA composer to publish a work for brass band with parts 2. 1st AA to conduct a major white American ensemble (1924) 3. 1st known AA bandmaster in US Navy 4. 1st naval bandmaster to conduct a mixed-race band (1942, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba) - self taught (learned from music magazines) - musical talents of master cabinet maker & shoemaker - Sousa - validates race records of naval administration, jobs |
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Ani DiFranco
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virtuosic folk guitarist, founded Righteous Babe Records
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Berry Gordy
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founder of Motown Records and "Motown Sound" 1959
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Phil Spector
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"Wall of Sound"
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Big Mama Thornton (2 songs)
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Hound Dog, Ball and Chain
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Bikini Kill
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all-female punk rock band, Riot Grrrl movement "Double Dare Ya"
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Bob Dylan 1941
- real name? - 3 causes - discovered by? |
- Robert Allan Zimmerman
- 1960s Folk Revival, Anti-War, Civil Rights - John Hammond |
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Camillionaire
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"Ridin Dirty," racial profiling
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Charles Ives: 1874-1954
- substance vs manner: goal, means - compositional techniques (4) - who rediscovered? - 5 influences in music - Impact/when? - he studied with? |
- substance vs manner to avoid traditional patterns and notions of beauty by experimentation, unexpected
- complexity, layering, delaying resolution, quotations - Henry Cowell - ragtime, minstrelsy, American bands, circus, everyday life - experiments succeed 2nd NE fails): break with European past while still embracing, create American tradition=maverick, after 1940s - Horatio Parker |
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Conlon Nancarrow 1912-1997
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experimentalist who lived in Mexico and wrote Studies for Player Piano
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Elvis Presley 1935-1977
- influences (5) - recruited by? - how many concerts/years? |
- BB King, Gospel quartets, Hank Willims, Bing Crosby, Opera/Symphonies
- Sam Philips/Sun Records - 1145 concerts in 8 years |
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Florence Price 1888-1953
- 1st? - studied with/where? - impact? |
- 1st AA composer with recognition
- George Chadwick, NEC - important part of Harlem Renaissance |
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George Gershwin: 1898-1937
- compositional techniques (4) - criticism? (3) - early life - studied with? |
- melody, spontaneously, AA influence, rhythmic verve
- seen as poor classical composer, melodic focus (TPA), did not do own orchestrations - classically trained, songplugger for TPA - Cowell |
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George Ives: 1844-1894
- significance? - influence on Charles (2) - Exercises (5) |
- youngest Civil War Bandmaster
- had him play in 2 different keys @ once, died Charlie's freshman year - modulations without prep, quotation, parallel harmony, 12-tone, atonality/polytonity |
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George Walker 1922
- genre? - 1st? - education? |
- modernism
- AA to win Pulitzer, 1996 - doctorate Eastman |
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Henry Cowell 1897-1965
- genre - upbringing - author of? - taught who? (2) - student of? - helped discover who? |
- experimentalist
- self taught - "Open Sesame for American Music" and New Musical Resources - Gershwin, Cage - Charles Seeger - Ives |
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Jim Crow
- who/when/what? - impact? |
- Thomas D. Rice
- 1830s - poor southern bumpkin based on stable hand - laws from 1877 on (limited rights/segregation) |
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Jimi Hendrix SSB '69
- 3 symbols - Historical Content (3) - critique ( - statement |
- war, riot, taps
- Vietnam, MLK assassination, Detroit Race Riots - patriotism, voting/fighting age - America is on electric guitar, rock is revolutionary and can change the world |
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John Adams (1947- )
- genre - doing now? - 3 works |
- experimentalist
- working on book - Nixon in China - Short Ride on Fast Machine - Dr Atomic (opera) |
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John Cage 1912-1992
- born/profession? - studied with? (2) - Aesthetics (5) - Influences (7) |
- LA, mycologist
- Cowell, Schoenberg - sound, silence, chance, unusual instruments, electronics - Indians (8 emotions), erotic, heroic, odious, anger, mirth, fear, sorrow, wondrous...tendency toward tranquility |
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most influential composer in US?
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John Cage
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John Philip Sousa: 1854-1932
- director of US Marine Band at age? - innovative as conductor because? (2) - his band - 1st? - author of? |
- 26
- repertoire: new, classical, opera, marches - added woodwinds -43-72 players, professional, 40 years, 15200 concerts (380/yr) - 1st time Navy commissioned officer as band director - The Fifth String |
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Judith Butler
- wrote about/when? - 3 points |
- 1990 wrote about feminism and ID
- gender is not what we are but what we do - performance is continual - choose to conform or to resist conventional notions of gender |
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Kathleen Hanna
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leader of Bikini Kill
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Langston Hughes
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"I, Too" Harlem Renaissance, 1945
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Michael Abels 1962-
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Global Warming, 1990, about warming relations between cultures, violin/cello solos
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Milton Babbitt 1916-
- genre - work? - compositional method? - wrote? |
- experimentalist
- Philomel, voice & tape - serial - Who Cares if you Listen |
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Nadia Boulanger: 1887-1979
- profession? - worked with? - refused to be who's teacher? |
- organist/teacher, Paris Conservatory
- Copland - Gershwin |
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Pete Seeger 1919
- early career, job - name of band, members, when? - nickname - causes (4) - formed? |
- dropped out of Harvard, worked in archive of American folk Music, Library of Congress
- Almanac Singers, Woody, 1940 - "America's Tuning Fork" - folk music revival, environmentalism, musicians union, army - Hudson River Snoop Clearwater |
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Philip Glass
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minimalist composer
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Rubin Goldmark & Ferde Grofe
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Goldmark: Gershwin's teacher
Grofe: arranged Rhapsody in Blue for Whiteman's Orchestra |
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Run DMC
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credited with bringing rap into mainstream with 1986 "Walk This Way"
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Senator Joseph McCarthy
- who is he, who did he call before his committee? |
senator noted for intense anti-communism interrogations, Aaron Copland
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Steve Reich
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minimalist composer of Piano Phase "Different Trains"
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Sugarhill Gang
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"Rapper's Delight" 1979 early rap hit
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Terry Riley
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minimalist composer of In C
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The Supremes
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1960s girl group with glamorous reputation, "baby love"
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William Grant Still: 1895-1978
- instrument? - 1sts (3) - nickname |
- oboe
1. Symphony and opera performed 2.To conduct major symphony (LAPhilly) 3. To have radio broadcasts - Dean of African American composers |
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William Dawson: 1899-1990
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AA composer, Harlem Renaissance
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Woody Guthrie 1912-1967
- quote on guitar |
"this machine kills fascists"
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components of hip hop culture (6)
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- DJing, Rapping, Production, Graffiti, Break Dancing, Fashion
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PMRC
- who, what, when? |
Parents Music Resource Center, 1985, Tipper Gore, to "educate and inform" parents about music
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why is profanity used in rap? (2)
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street credibility, authenticity
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Sigma Alpha Iota
- when, what? |
music fraternity for women, 1903
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Grandmaster flash, 3 contributions to DJing
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Clock theory, Mix Theory and Cutting
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