Musicology 450 Final

Front 1

"Who Cares if You Listen"
- who, when, what

Back 1

1958
- Article by Milton Babbitt, The Composer as Specialist
- Argues that "advanced" music is comparable to "advanced" physics/math

Front 2

Audio-Vision

Back 2

by Michel Chion
- 1994 Book by French film critic about the soundtrack, image and sound relations

Front 3

Auditorium Building
Built? Why?
1886:
1890:
1893:
1929:
1940s:
1960s:
Influences (3)
5 features:

Back 3

Built: 1889, 1886 Haymarket May
1890: hotel opens
1893: exposition
1929: bankruptcy (NOT from Depression)
1940s: restoration
1960s: rock concerts (to opera, to musical theater, to dance now)
Influences (3) Chicago Symphony 1891, Carnegie Hall 1891, Hill Auditorium 1913
5 features: bars, offices, first 24/7 pharmacy, theater, lookout tower

Front 4

Back Beat/MTV
- criticized as? (2)
- impact?

Back 4

- strong beat on 2 and 4
- revitalized music industry
- Madonna, Peter Gabriel
- Criticized as racist, sexist

Front 5

Blacklisted

Back 5

- denied privileges, Pete Seeger by House Committee on Un-American Activities

Front 6

Chance & I Ching [Yi Ching]

Back 6

- Music in which some element of the composition is based on chance
- "Book of Changes," Chinese text, symbol system to identify order in chance

Front 7

Copland's Five Functions for Film Music

Back 7

1. Creating convincing atmosphere of time and place
2. Underlining psychological refinements/the unspoken thoughts of a character or unseen implications of a situation (mood reversals)
3. Neutral background filler “to warm the screen”
4. Building a sense of continuity
5. Underpinning the theatrical build-up of a scene, and rounding it off with a sense of finality

Front 8

Crawford's Three Spheres of U.S. Music

Back 8

1. Classical/Colonial Sphere: transcendence
2. Popular/Democratic Sphere: accessibility
3. Folk/Tradition Sphere: preservation

Front 9

Don Juan (Year?)

Back 9

1926
- first movie with synchronized sound effects and music (not dialogue)
- Warner Brothers, 1st use of Vitaphone

Front 10

Electric Guitar (invented?)
- intended for?
- symbol of?

Back 10

1920s
- Invented by Adolph Rickenbacker
- Originally for Hawaiian slack key guitar
- Essentially adapted acoustic to compete with swing bands in jazz
- Becomes symbol of [male] power and expression in rock

Front 11

Essays Before a Sonata (year?)

Back 11

1920
- Charles Ives' books published with music for those who "can't stand his music" and the music for those who "can't stand his essays,"
- "What has sound got to do with music?"

Front 12

Fantasound (year?)

Back 12

1940
- development of sound track, 1st stereo
- for Disney studio for Fantasia (1st film with multi-channel sound)

Front 13

Folk Music According to Crawford (2 types)

Back 13

- Collector Song: a community song retained for generations, oral, group transformation
- Living tradition: exemplified by folk revival musicians, who adapt songs for contemporary purpose

Front 14

Gender vs. biological sex

Back 14

- Sex: defined by nature, male/female, genetics: 23rd pair of chromosomes XX/XY
- Gender: defined by culture/society/history, heterosexual/homosexual/bisexual, clothing, voice, behavior
 Related to ethnic/class/racial studies
Explores implicit meanings of the way we speak to ID background assumptions of "Normal" "Natural" or "universal," culturally specific

Front 15

Harlem Renaissance
- when?
- goal?
- means?
- 3 composers?

Back 15

1920s/1930s
- GOAL: argue for humanity/soul/civil rights of people treated as things, not humans
- MEANS: Movement for social equality through artistic excellence
- William Grant Still, William Dawson, Florence Price

Front 16

Institutional Muse

Back 16

3 gears that work together to form artistic culture: artistic, society, financial

Front 17

Ives and Myrick (when?)

Back 17

1907
- insurance company founded in 1907
- instead of earning a living in music, becomes influential/successful businessman
- created Estate Planning for wealthy, his book still used today

Front 18

Main Title (definition and example)

Back 18

- type of cue that sets the mood, includes main themes
- "You've Got a Friend in Me," opening credits

Front 19

March Form (7 parts, who defined?)

Back 19

1. Intro: 4 or 8 bars, forte
2. First Strain: Melody, 8 or 16 bars
3. Second Strain: Second Melody, 16 bars
4. (Intro to Trio)
5. Trio: Main Melody, softer, legato, woodwinds, contrast
6. Break Strain: 4th Melody, louder, intense
7. Trio again: grandioso, all sections of band
SOUSA

Front 20

Minimalism (when?)
- definition
- cultural sources
- 3 examples/composers

Back 20

1965
- repetition and slow change
- cultural sources: rock/pop, Indian music
- Philip Glass: Koyaanisqatsi
- Steve Reich: Different Trains
- Terry Riley: In C

Front 21

Montage Sequence (definition and example)

Back 21

- type of cue, music provides continuity to disjointed set of images that summarize
- "Strange Things" as Buzz wins favor of Andy over Woody

Front 22

New Musical Resources
- when written, when published, who, what

Back 22

1917, 1930
- Henry Cowell's technical study of music, search for piano-based sounds, tone clusters, playing on piano strings

Front 23

O' Brother (when, what)

Back 23

2000, movie with folk music

Front 24

Old Negro vs. New Negro (definition, describe each)

Back 24

- ideology of Harlem Renaissance
- Old Negro: Jim Crow, Zip Coon, minstrel character
- New Negro: Harlem Intellectual, suit and tie

Front 25

Prepared Piano

Back 25

developed by John Cage to imitate percussion ensemble in limited space

Front 26

Pulitzer Prize for Music
- 1st? example?
- 1st AA? When?

Back 26

- 1943: William Schuman
- 1947: Ives, Symphony No. 3
- 1996: George Walker, Lilacs

Front 27

Riot Grrrl
- when/where?
- what?
- how? 6 ways

Back 27

- 1990s/NW
- Music, movement, individual performers (male and female)
- Electric instruments, celebrated amateurism, all-female bands, all-female shows, internet culture, Indie record companies

Front 28

Rock/Rock and Roll
1920s:
1930s/40s:
Late 1940s/1950s:
1960s:
1970s on:
2 characteristics:
ensemble?

Back 28

1920s: race records, AA music sold only to AA
1930s: rhythm and blues
Late 1940s/1950s: Rock and Roll/Rockabilly (marketable to whites)
1960s: Subgenres
1970s on: metal, punk, grunge
duple meter, strong backbeat
ensemble: 1-2 electric guitars, electric bass, drums, keyboard

Front 29

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Back 29

The nature of a language influences the habitual thought of its speakers

Front 30

Silence & Graphic Notation

Back 30

- "Tacet," instructions to be performed by an instrumentalist or combination of instrumentalists and last any length of time
- Symbols and text to instruct performance of experimental music

Front 31

Sonny Bono Act
- AKA?
- when?
- what?
- who supports?

Back 31

- 1998
- Copyright Extensions Act
- extended copyright terms 20 years
- Gershwin estate

Front 32

Source Scoring

Back 32

shifts between diegetic/nondiegetic music

Front 33

Spotting Session

Back 33

composer, director, producer decided where music goes

Front 34

The Jazz Singer
- when?
- significance? (2)
- studio? actor?

Back 34

- 1927
- 1st movie with synchronized dialogue via Vitaphone
- begin success of "talkies," decline of silent films
- Warner Brothers, Al Jolson

Front 35

Three components of sound track
- effect in Toy Story

Back 35

Dialogue, effects, music
- gives toys emotional dimension; no music in human world, makes film dramatic

Front 36

Warner Brothers and Vitaphone
- what is it/when?
- why use it?

Back 36

- sound-on-disc 1st in 1926
- control of music, allow for symphonies in every town

Front 37

What to Listen for in Music's Three Planes of Listening + Mark's
- written when? revised when?
- 3 planes, + Mark's

Back 37

- 1939, revised 1954
1. Sensuous plane (unconscious pleasure)
2. Expressive plane (meaning/symbol)
3. Purely musical plane “the notes themselves” (technical/music theory, form, key, motive)
MARK'S: Associative Plane: early experiences (personal & in movie) context (political, historical, performance history)

Front 38

Aaron Copland: 1900-1990
- studied with?
- compositional method?
- characteristics? (3)
- Influences? (4)
- Describe 4 periods
- Formulas (2)
- 3 film scores
- politics?

Back 38

- Nadia Boulanger
- composed at piano, orchestration last
- open harmonies, perfect intervals, folk tunes
- Serial music, polystylistic, jazz/irregular rhythms, colorful orchestration
- Formative, jazz (theater), abstract (isolation in NY), populist (folk)
- communist sympathetic
- Copland = Accessible Populism + Experimental Modernisms
= melodies + disjointed rhythms
= open harmonies + pitch clusters

Front 39

Al Jolson
- 2 significant performances

Back 39

- 1st performance of "Swanee" 1919
- The Jazz Singer 1927

Front 40

Alan "Moondog" Freed

Back 40

Cleveland DJ, coined "rock and roll" in 1951

Front 41

Alfred Newman

Back 41

head of family of composers: son Thomas Newman (American Beauty, Finding Nemo, American Gladiator, Green Mile, Fried Green Tomatoes), nephew Randy Newman (Toy Story, A Bug's Life, Monsters, Inc.

Front 42

Alton Adams: 1889- 1987
- musical philosophy? (4)
- Firsts (4)
- Influences (3)
- Impact

Back 42

1. All people are born with musical abilities- tone deafness is a curable disease
2. Cultural Health is directly related to Community Health
3. Music can shape community, realize the individual
4. Music is for all- race irrelevant
1. 1st AA composer to publish a work for brass band with parts
2. 1st AA to conduct a major white American ensemble (1924)
3. 1st known AA bandmaster in US Navy
4. 1st naval bandmaster to conduct a mixed-race band (1942, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba)
- self taught (learned from music magazines)
- musical talents of master cabinet maker & shoemaker
- Sousa
- validates race records of naval administration, jobs

Front 43

Ani DiFranco

Back 43

virtuosic folk guitarist, founded Righteous Babe Records

Front 44

Berry Gordy

Back 44

founder of Motown Records and "Motown Sound" 1959

Front 45

Phil Spector

Back 45

"Wall of Sound"

Front 46

Big Mama Thornton (2 songs)

Back 46

Hound Dog, Ball and Chain

Front 47

Bikini Kill

Back 47

all-female punk rock band, Riot Grrrl movement "Double Dare Ya"

Front 48

Bob Dylan 1941
- real name?
- 3 causes
- discovered by?

Back 48

- Robert Allan Zimmerman
- 1960s Folk Revival, Anti-War, Civil Rights
- John Hammond

Front 49

Camillionaire

Back 49

"Ridin Dirty," racial profiling

Front 50

Charles Ives: 1874-1954
- substance vs manner: goal, means
- compositional techniques (4)
- who rediscovered?
- 5 influences in music
- Impact/when?
- he studied with?

Back 50

- substance vs manner to avoid traditional patterns and notions of beauty by experimentation, unexpected
- complexity, layering, delaying resolution, quotations
- Henry Cowell
- ragtime, minstrelsy, American bands, circus, everyday life
- experiments succeed 2nd NE fails): break with European past while still embracing, create American tradition=maverick, after
1940s
- Horatio Parker

Front 51

Conlon Nancarrow 1912-1997

Back 51

experimentalist who lived in Mexico and wrote Studies for Player Piano

Front 52

Elvis Presley 1935-1977
- influences (5)
- recruited by?
- how many concerts/years?

Back 52

- BB King, Gospel quartets, Hank Willims, Bing Crosby, Opera/Symphonies
- Sam Philips/Sun Records
- 1145 concerts in 8 years

Front 53

Florence Price 1888-1953
- 1st?
- studied with/where?
- impact?

Back 53

- 1st AA composer with recognition
- George Chadwick, NEC
- important part of Harlem Renaissance

Front 54

George Gershwin: 1898-1937
- compositional techniques (4)
- criticism? (3)
- early life
- studied with?

Back 54

- melody, spontaneously, AA influence, rhythmic verve
- seen as poor classical composer, melodic focus (TPA), did not do own orchestrations
- classically trained, songplugger for TPA
- Cowell

Front 55

George Ives: 1844-1894
- significance?
- influence on Charles (2)
- Exercises (5)

Back 55

- youngest Civil War Bandmaster
- had him play in 2 different keys @ once, died Charlie's freshman year
- modulations without prep, quotation, parallel harmony, 12-tone, atonality/polytonity

Front 56

George Walker 1922
- genre?
- 1st?
- education?

Back 56

- modernism
- AA to win Pulitzer, 1996
- doctorate Eastman

Front 57

Henry Cowell 1897-1965
- genre
- upbringing
- author of?
- taught who? (2)
- student of?
- helped discover who?

Back 57

- experimentalist
- self taught
- "Open Sesame for American Music" and New Musical Resources
- Gershwin, Cage
- Charles Seeger
- Ives

Front 58

Jim Crow
- who/when/what?
- impact?

Back 58

- Thomas D. Rice
- 1830s
- poor southern bumpkin based on stable hand
- laws from 1877 on (limited rights/segregation)

Front 59

Jimi Hendrix SSB '69
- 3 symbols
- Historical Content (3)
- critique (
- statement

Back 59

- war, riot, taps
- Vietnam, MLK assassination, Detroit Race Riots
- patriotism, voting/fighting age
- America is on electric guitar, rock is revolutionary and can change the world

Front 60

John Adams (1947- )
- genre
- doing now?
- 3 works

Back 60

- experimentalist
- working on book
- Nixon in China
- Short Ride on Fast Machine
- Dr Atomic (opera)

Front 61

John Cage 1912-1992
- born/profession?
- studied with? (2)
- Aesthetics (5)
- Influences (7)

Back 61

- LA, mycologist
- Cowell, Schoenberg
- sound, silence, chance, unusual instruments, electronics
- Indians (8 emotions), erotic, heroic, odious, anger, mirth, fear, sorrow, wondrous...tendency toward tranquility

Front 62

most influential composer in US?

Back 62

John Cage

Front 63

John Philip Sousa: 1854-1932
- director of US Marine Band at age?
- innovative as conductor because? (2)
- his band
- 1st?
- author of?

Back 63

- 26
- repertoire: new, classical, opera, marches
- added woodwinds
-43-72 players, professional, 40 years, 15200 concerts (380/yr)
- 1st time Navy commissioned officer as band director
- The Fifth String

Front 64

Judith Butler
- wrote about/when?
- 3 points

Back 64

- 1990 wrote about feminism and ID
- gender is not what we are but what we do
- performance is continual
- choose to conform or to resist conventional notions of gender

Front 65

Kathleen Hanna

Back 65

leader of Bikini Kill

Front 66

Langston Hughes

Back 66

"I, Too" Harlem Renaissance, 1945

Front 67

Michael Abels 1962-

Back 67

Global Warming, 1990, about warming relations between cultures, violin/cello solos

Front 68

Milton Babbitt 1916-
- genre
- work?
- compositional method?
- wrote?

Back 68

- experimentalist
- Philomel, voice & tape
- serial
- Who Cares if you Listen

Front 69

Nadia Boulanger: 1887-1979
- profession?
- worked with?
- refused to be who's teacher?

Back 69

- organist/teacher, Paris Conservatory
- Copland
- Gershwin

Front 70

Pete Seeger 1919
- early career, job
- name of band, members, when?
- nickname
- causes (4)
- formed?

Back 70

- dropped out of Harvard, worked in archive of American folk Music, Library of Congress
- Almanac Singers, Woody, 1940
- "America's Tuning Fork"
- folk music revival, environmentalism, musicians union, army
- Hudson River Snoop Clearwater

Front 71

Philip Glass

Back 71

minimalist composer

Front 72

Rubin Goldmark & Ferde Grofe

Back 72

Goldmark: Gershwin's teacher
Grofe: arranged Rhapsody in Blue for Whiteman's Orchestra

Front 73

Run DMC

Back 73

credited with bringing rap into mainstream with 1986 "Walk This Way"

Front 74

Senator Joseph McCarthy
- who is he, who did he call before his committee?

Back 74

senator noted for intense anti-communism interrogations, Aaron Copland

Front 75

Steve Reich

Back 75

minimalist composer of Piano Phase "Different Trains"

Front 76

Sugarhill Gang

Back 76

"Rapper's Delight" 1979 early rap hit

Front 77

Terry Riley

Back 77

minimalist composer of In C

Front 78

The Supremes

Back 78

1960s girl group with glamorous reputation, "baby love"

Front 79

William Grant Still: 1895-1978
- instrument?
- 1sts (3)
- nickname

Back 79

- oboe
1. Symphony and opera performed
2.To conduct major symphony (LAPhilly)
3. To have radio broadcasts
- Dean of African American composers

Front 80

William Dawson: 1899-1990

Back 80

AA composer, Harlem Renaissance

Front 81

Woody Guthrie 1912-1967
- quote on guitar

Back 81

"this machine kills fascists"

Front 82

components of hip hop culture (6)

Back 82

- DJing, Rapping, Production, Graffiti, Break Dancing, Fashion

Front 83

PMRC
- who, what, when?

Back 83

Parents Music Resource Center, 1985, Tipper Gore, to "educate and inform" parents about music

Front 84

why is profanity used in rap? (2)

Back 84

street credibility, authenticity

Front 85

Sigma Alpha Iota
- when, what?

Back 85

music fraternity for women, 1903

Front 86

Grandmaster flash, 3 contributions to DJing

Back 86

Clock theory, Mix Theory and Cutting