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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Guido d' Arezzo |
d. 1050 M-monk and Italian music theorist I-inventor of modern musical notation M-Micrologus- treatise on music in the Middle G-Guidonian Hand |
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Notker Balbulus |
d.912 S-Stammerer, Switzerland L-Liber Hymorum M-Media Vita D-De Carlo Magna |
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Hildegard of Bingen |
d. 1179 G-German Benedictine abbess,writer,comp.mys O-Ordo Virtutum-morality play M-monophonic, melsimatic melodies |
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Adam de la Halle |
d. 1288 1st-first ever opera-Jeu de Robin et de Marion M-most famous composer of the 13th c. 36- 36 chansons 46- 46 rondets de carole 18- 18 jeux-partis |
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Leonin |
d.1201 PO-first known significant composer of polyorg. M-composer of Magnus Liber R-first composer to use rhythmic modes N-associated with Notre Dame school |
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Perotin |
d. 1238 F- French composer of sacred polyphonic mus N-associated with Notre Dame school M- enlarged upon MagnusLiber |
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Bernart de Ventadorn |
d. 1200 F-most famous 1st gen. French troubadour 45- 45 poems 19- 19 surviving melodies |
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Walther von der Vogelweide |
d. 1230 G-greatest of the German minnesinger W-wrote words himself, did not write down P-patriotic poetry U-Unter der Linde-love poem |
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Jacopo da Bologna |
d. 1386 I-Italian composer and theorist M-most profound influence on 14thc. Ital.mus 34- 34 vocal compositions A- author of treatise on mensural notation P-polyphony techniques in infancy,style evolution |
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Petrus de Cruce |
13th centry -France C- composer and theorist in late 13th c. N- main contribution to notational sys. dots of division M- composer of motets A- Ars Antiqua |
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Ars Antiqua |
term used by modern scholars to refer to the music of europe of the late Middle Ages covering the period of Notre Dame school of polyphony and the early developmetn of the motet Leonin Perotin Petrus de Cruce |
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Franco of Cologne |
mid 13th century G- German music theorist and composer M-most influential theorist of late medieval F-Franconian notation-duration of a note(rest) A-Ars Cantus Mensurabilis-most famous work theoretical treatise and practical guide c.1260 |
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Francesco Landini |
d. 1397 B- blind organist, composer,designer, tuner L-leading comp. of Italian Ars Nova, tracento S-Squarcialupi Codex- 25%14c. Ital. music L-Landini Cadence 6^ btw. leading note and resolution 154-154 songs 140-140 balette |
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Philippe de Vitry |
d.1361 F- French composer and theorist A-author of Ars Nova treatise I- developed isorhythm-fixed pattern of pitches |
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Guillame de Machaut |
d. 1377 F-most famous composer of the Middle Ages F-French poet, composer-admired by Chaucer C-composed monophonic and polyphonic music and his high quality of music was unparalleled in his time |
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Ars Nova |
a musical style which flourished in France in the Late Middle Ages in the period between the preparation of the Roman de Fauvel and the death of Machaut in 1377 Phillippe de Vitry Machaut polyohonic secular music ballade, virelai, and the rondeau |
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Ars Subtilior |
a musical style centered in France in Spain at the end of the 14th c. characterized by rhythmic and notational complexity- used red notes or coloration Caserta, Egidius Senelches and Trebor Guido de Lange mainly secular songs about love, war and chivalry |
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Cantigas de Santa Maria |
the most extensive and important manuscript of Galician-Portuguese medieval music that has survived. contains 400 narratives of miracles of the Blessed Virgin Mary and devotionals and liturgical poems set to music uses mensural notation on a five line staff duple and triple meter |
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cantus firmus |
preexistent melody used as the basis for another composition i.e. a plainchant excerpt underlying a polyphonic musical composition the 13th c. motet featured the cantus firmus in the tenor |
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chanson |
secular French art song of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance Machaut Josquin de Prez Willaert Arcadelt Orlando di Lasso replaced after 1600 by more popular "air de cour"-solo voice and lute accompaniment |
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chant |
rhythmic speaking or singing of words or sounds involving a limited set of notes monophonic and modal flexible rhythm without beat |
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clausula |
a 13th century polyphonic section of chant in which both voices were written in discant style counterpoint with both voices proceeding at approximately the same rate Perotin |
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color/ talea |
*repetition/ an order of durations or rhythms *term coined by Friedrich Ludwig to describe this practice in 13th c. motets *Ars Nova composer Philippe de Vitry credited with the invention of this technique |
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conductus |
in medieval music, a type of sacred, vocal composition for one or more voices in chordal style |
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De institutione musica |
one of the most popular and influential works of the MIddle Ages written by Boethius summary on Ancient Greek thought on music Pythagorian unity of mathematics and music remained the principal source about music as a mathematical subject for over a millenium |
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discant |
countermelody composed or improvised above a familiar melody a style of liturgical setting in the MIddle Ages associated with the Notre Dame school of polyphony |
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formes fixes |
the three 14th and 15th c. French poetic forms *ballade- aabC *rondeau- ABaAabAB *virelai= AbbaA Adam de la Halle Machaut du Fay |
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antiphon |
a chant sung in alternation with verses of a psalm and its concluding doxology |
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Guidonian Hand |
a mnuemonic device used to assist singers in learning to sight sing used by Guido d' Arezzo a part of the human hand represents a note used for teaching scales and intervals |
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hocket |
a single melody shared between 2 voice parts one voice was always silent while the other was singing late 13th and 14 c. motets Petrus de Cruce |
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isorhythm/ isorhythmic motet |
a 20th c. term coined by Friedrich Ludwig to indicate a special kind of structural organization frequently used by 14th c. composers in the tenors of their motets. a rhythmic pattern (talea) that is repeated one or more times in the tenor (cantus firmus) during Medieval and early Renaissance used by de Vitry and Machaut |
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Landini cadence |
a cadence pattern named for Francesco Landini where the 6^ is inserted between the leading tone and its' resolution used in 14th and early 15th c. |
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Liber Hymnorum |
an early collection of sequences written by Swiss monk and musician, Notker Balbulus a collection of mnuematic poems for remembering a series of pitches during a melisma in plainchant. |
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liturgical drama |
a type of play in the Middle Ages acted within or near the church which related stories from and Bible and of the saints |
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madrigal |
*one of the earliest forms of Italian secular polyphony *a secular vocal composition of the Renaissance and early Baroque *2-8 voices Jacopo da Bologna-Non al sue amante |
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Magnificat |
a canticle frequently sung in Christian church services the earliest Marion hymn, text from the Gospel of Luke |
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Magnus liber organi "Magnus Liber" |
compilation of organum attributed to composers of the Notre Dame school- Leonin and Perotin contained clausula- polyphonic section of chant where both voices were writteb in discnat style counterpoint with both voices proceeding at approxinately the same rate |
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Mass composition genres(cantus firmus, motto, imitation, parody) |
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Mass (Ordinary/Proper) |
Chants of the Ordinary of the mass have texts that are invariable- the words remain the same. The Ordinary forms the core of the Mass liturgy around which are placed the readings, psalms, and homily. Chants of the Proper have variable texts that are appropriate to the season of the liturgical year or feast. |
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Messe de Notre Dame |
earliest known complete setting of the Ordinary of the Mass written by Guillame de Machaut (d.1377) Middle Ages |
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Meistersinger/ Minnesinger |
a German lyric poet and singer of the 12-13th c. who performed songs of courtly love. (German counterparts to French troubadours) mainly used bar form- aab Walther von der Vogelweide |
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modal notation |
developed by the composers of the Notre Dame school (1170-1250) first step toward the development of modern mensural notation replaced unmeasured rhythm of early polyphony with patterns based on metric feet of classical poetry. |
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Modes (church) |
8 abstract scale patterns used in Gregorian Chant a tradition dating to the Middle Ages Dorian Hypodorian Phrygian Hypophrygian Mixolydian Hypomixolydian Lydian Hypolydian |
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Monastery of St. Gall (manuscripts) |
one of the richest medieval libraries in the world! home to Notker Balbulus over 160,000 books/ 2100 handwritten some over 1000 years old! |
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monophony |
a single melody without accompaniment primarily used in medieval times Hildegard von Bingen |
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Montpelier Codex |
a source of 13th c. French polyphony included works by: Perotin Petrus de Cruce Adam de la Halle includes 325 motets |
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motet |
*a polyphonic choral composition on a sacred text usually without instrumental accompaniment, usually Latin- Renaissance *earliest motets in the 13th c. by Leonin and Perotin *14th and 15th c. motets tended to be isorhythmic- de Vitry, Machaut |
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Musica enchiriadis Musica Scholica |
a companion set an anonymous 9th c. music theory treatise once attributed to Hucbald discusses the importance of math to music uses a rare system of notation- Daseian notation |
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musica ficta |
a term used in European music theory to describe pitches that lie outside the system of musica recta as defined by Guido d' Arezzo later-accidentals theorist Johannes de Garlandia 1st to use and define the term |
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neumes |
*the basic element of notation prior to the invention of the 5 line staff *note symbols *in Gregorian Chant single square notes or a group of 2 or more *do not indicate rhythm *developed in the 9th century for proper melodic recitation of Chant. |
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Notre Dame School |
a group of composers working at or near the Notre Dame cathedral in Paris from 1160-1250, along with the music they produced Leonin Perotin polyphonic liturgical music Magnus Liber |
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Office (Divine Office) |
constitutes the prescribed daily round of worship and prayer in monastic communities set by rule by St. Benedict in 6th c. as: Matins Lauds Vespers Compline |
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Old Hall Manuscript |
*a manuscript of late 14th and early 15th c. English medieval music *sacred and polyphonic *no Kyrie, possibly lost Leonel Power- 23 compositions John Dunstable- added |
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organum |
polyphony used in liturgical music from the late 9th c. to around 1250 earliest survived writings of organum: *Musica enchiriadis Scolica enchiriadis chant melody (vox principalis) duplicate voice in parallel motion(vox organalis) "Magnus Liber"- Leonin, Perotin |
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polyphony |
a texture of 2 or more melodic lines opposite of monophony |
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psalm tone |
a melodic pattern that psalms were chanted to 9 psalm tones: one for each of the 8 modes ant the Tonus Peregrinus (migratory tone) |
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responsory |
cantor sings a verse and the congregation responds or a responsorial chant where a soloist sings and the choir responds
responsorial psalm |
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Roman de Fauvel |
the earliest 14th c. French manuscript whcih contains a satirical poem by Gervais du Bus and music-anon. 50 monophonic pieces 34 motets at BIBLIOTHETIQUE NATIONALE in Paris |
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sequence (prose) |
an extensive melisma originally substituted for the jubilus at the Alleluia section after the Verse in the Mass earliest sequences are prose, after 1000ad are poetry by the 12th c. contain poetic stanzas |
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solmization syllables |
singing by syllables as used by Guido d'Arezzo do or ut(European) re, mi, fa, so, la, ti |
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Squarcialupi Codex |
most abundant manuscript of 14th c. Italian secular polyphony contains 354 pieces, madrigals, cacce, and ballatas Jacopo da Bologna Francesco Landini |
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strophic forms (hymn, canso) |
the same music used for each stanza of the text hymn singing was an important part of the liturgy. 3 types of Byzantine hymns, troparia-poetic interpolations sung btw. the last verses of a psalm, kontakia(6&7th c.)no homily, musical homily, and kanon- an ode with 9 stanzas canso- song about courtly love by troubadours |
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trecento forms (ballata, caccia, madrigal) |
madrigal earliest form of Italian sacred polyphony, 2-3 line stanzas with a 2 line refrain, most for 2 voices, strophic-Jacopo da Bologna caccia- a canon for 2 voices supported by an instrumental lower line, poetic text, hunting calls, bird songs- in Squarcialupi Codex Ballata- AbbaA- Landini was the leading composer of ballata, influenced by virelai |
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Trent Codices |
an anthology of 15th c. polyphony in Oxford *Du Fay and other Burgundian and non- Burgundian composers represented |
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trope |
the expansion of a chant by means of: *words added to an existing chant melisma *music added to extend an existing melisma *new msuic and text added before, within, or at the end of an existing chant *flourished during ath 10-12th c. *gave rise to new forms of church music including the Sequence, liturgical drama, and motet |
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troubadours/ Trouveres |
11th-13th c. the poet-composers working in the south and north of France "finders" or "inventors" sang their own songs, but not all were written down short phrases, modal, narrow range melodies monophonic songs are nonmensural Bernart de Ventadorn |
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Winchester Troper |
a manuscript containing troped chants an example of medieval organum uses partially heightened neumes contains 160 2 voice organa |
