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149 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a melody? |
A single line of notes heard in succession as a coherent unit. |
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What is melodic motion? |
Refers to the shape or direction of a string of notes. |
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What is conjunct motion? |
stepwise, side-by-side motion; narrow intervals. |
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What is disjunct motion? |
motion by leaps; wide intervals. |
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What is a cadence? |
A cadence is a point in the music where you feel a point of resolution after a phrase. Signals the end of a unit that can stand on its own. |
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What is rhythm? |
The ordering of music throughout time. |
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What is meter? |
An underlying pattern of beats that maintains itself through a work of music. |
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What is tempo?
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The speed at which music is sung or played. |
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What is harmony? |
The sound created by multiple notes played or sung simultaneously. |
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What is texture? |
A function of the number and general relationship of musical lines to one another. |
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What is monophony? |
Single, unaccompanied melody. (Thin texture) |
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What is Polyphony (or counterpoint)? |
More than one voice or part plays a melody simultaneously. (Thick texture) |
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Homophony |
Melody with accompaniment. (In-between texture) |
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What is timbre? |
The colour of the music; the character of the sound; instrumentation *the same melody can sound very different depending on who is singing or which instrument is playing |
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What are dynamics? |
The volume of the sound from very soft to very loud. *pp, p, mp, mf, f, ff |
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What is form? |
The structure of a musical work. Based on three possibilities: 1. Repetition 2. Variation 3. Constrast |
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What is Binary form? |
AABB |
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What is Ternary form? |
ABA |
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What is word-music relationship? |
Interconnections between a text, whether sung or associated in some way with the piece and the music. |
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What is Genre? |
The category of a given work; determined by a combination of its performance medium and its social context. |
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When was the Middle Ages? |
ca. 476-1425 |
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Sacred music in sacred spaces meant that ... |
The church dominated cultural and intellectual life. |
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How long did the Notre Dame de Paris take to build? |
182 years during the Middle Ages |
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What is Plainchant? |
Monophonic, a cappella melodies sung by a single vice or by a choir in unison. |
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What is A cappella? |
Singing without instrumental accompaniment. |
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What does it mean to sing or play music in unison? |
More than one performer playing or singing the same pitch or pitches at the same time. |
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What is chant? |
Gentle flow of melody; absence of repetitive rhythms; relatively narrow range all help to create a sense of calm, well-being. |
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How was plainchant created? |
According to a legend, Pope Gregory received the melodies of plainchant from the Holy Spirit which appeared to him in the form of a dove. |
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What were early notes called and what did they look like? |
They were called neumes and they were shown as simple symbols above texts indicating the melodic shapes of rises and falls. |
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Who divided their days between work and devotion in the Middle Ages? |
Monks and Nuns. |
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What are the two elements of the mass that we have to know? |
Proper and ordinary. |
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What are some examples of the Proper? |
Introit;gradual; alleluia; offertory; communion *Stay the same |
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What are some examples of the Ordinary? |
Kyrie; Gloria; Credo; Sanctus *Change with the calender |
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What is a Responsorial chant? |
A chant that alternates between soloists and chorus. |
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What are the three different word music relationships that have to do with syllables, and define them. |
Syllabic- singing one note per syllable Neumatic- singing 2-3 notes per syllable Melismatic- Singing 4 or more notes per syllable (Mellismic) |
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Who was Hildegard and when did she live? |
Composer who had visions. Also a nun. She lived from 1098-1179. (1000's is all that matters) |
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Who wrote Play of Virtues and when? |
Hildegard in 1150 |
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What type of play is Play of Virtues? |
Morality play/liturgical drama. Dramatic allegory of good vs. evil, struggling over the fate of a single soul. |
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What was Hildegards music style like? |
Wide range for more emphasis. |
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What are cascades? |
Phrases that begin with leaps upward and are follows by stepwise descents.
* both conjunct and disjunct |
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When was the Eagle Dance written? |
1951 |
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Which animal does the Eagle dance portray the life cycle of? |
An Eagle ... DUH *regarded as connecting a link between heaven and earth |
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What is the Eagle dance attempting to show people? |
To show the parallels between the music of the people separated by centuries, geography, culture, religion etc. |
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What does Terraced mean? |
A melody that moves up or down through a series of stages, remaining in one general area a while before moving onto the next. |
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What are vocables? |
Meaningless sung syllables, the sound of which is like a melodic instrument. |
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What is an Organum? |
Combined chant melodies in very long note values in the lowest voice with 1,2 or 3 faster-moving voices layered above. |
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Who was the blind organist of Florence? |
Francesco Landini * he was the most famous and prolific Italian composer of the 14th century. No one every played the organ so well |
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When did Landini live? |
1325-97 |
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Who wrote Behold Spring and when? |
Landini 1350 |
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What was the genre and form of Behold Spring? |
Ballata - polyphonic AbbaA |
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What was important in the 1000-1200's? |
- Cultural revival - First Universities opened - Role of the church -Big building projects |
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What was important in the 1300's? |
-Contraction and anxiety -Black death (1348-50)* -questioning authority and loss of faith. |
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Who was Guillaume de Machaut and when did he live? |
-1300-77 -greatest french author of the 14th cent. -most of his texts deal with courtly love |
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What is Courtly Love? |
A noble man sings the love of a noblewoman who is indifferent to him. |
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Who wrote I Can All Compare to Well My Lady and when? |
Machaut in 1350 *It is secular and exemplifies courtly love |
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Who is Alfonso el Sabio and when did he live? |
- Ruled a Kingdom , composer - lived 1221-1284 |
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Who wrote He Who Gladly Serves and what are the 3 distinct textures? |
Alfonso and Monophony, Homophony, Heterophony |
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What is Heterophony? |
Both instruments play the same melody at the same time but one of them plays a more elaborate and embellished form of it. |
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When was the Renaissance? |
1425-1600 |
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Where does the word Renaissance come from and why was it named that? |
Comes from the French word re-birth and is an age that recovered the ideals from antiquity after the Middle Ages. |
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What is Humanism? |
- an intellectual and cultural movement that explored human interest and values through the pursuit of science, philosophy, literature, painting, music, particularly vocal music. -growing confidence in the powers of human reason. -new sense of individuality. |
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What was the Protestant Reformation ? |
Tension among Christians began around 1517 |
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Who nailed the 95 thesis? |
Martin Luther |
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Who was Martin Luther and when did he live? |
1483-1546 -German monk and composer -nailed to church door a list of 95 thesis in 1517 - His ideas caught on quickly and helped establish Protestantism as a new branch of Christianity. |
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Who wrote the hymn, A Might Fortress is Our God? |
Martin Luther in 1529 |
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How did the Protestant Reformation affect composers? |
- some responded by writing new music for the Protestant liturgy in languages other than Latin. - Catholic composers redoubled their efforts to write music that would move the souls of the faithful |
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What was Counter-Reformation? |
A period of Catholic revival beginning with the Council of Trent (1545-63) and ending with the close of the 30 years war (1648). -The Catholic church attempted to hold onto the Catholic liturgy and doctrine in the face of Protestantism. |
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When was the Printing Press invented and by who? |
1455 by Johannes Gutenberg |
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What was the significance of the Printing press? |
Provided means for disseminating materials about the Reformation and other information and ideas. Information became more mobile. |
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How did the Printing Press affect music? |
Owning music would extend to many more poeple |
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What are some general characteristics of the Renaissances? |
- Imitative counterpoint - Thick texture -Melody flowing but with greater use of disjunct -longer works divided into smaller sections |
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Who was Josquin and when did he live? |
1450-1521 Generally considered the greatest composer of the early Renaissance - International celebrity -composed masses, songs, and motets |
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Who did Martin Luther say this quote about? "He is the master of the notes, they do as he wills, as for other composers, they have to do as the notes will." |
Josquin |
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What are motets? |
Sacred choral work |
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What is counterpoint? |
System of rules and procedures governing the composition of multiple melodies. |
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What is Imitative Counterpoint? |
When all of the parts take turns imitating one another. |
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What is paired imitation? |
Smaller groups of vocal parts take turns imitating. |
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Who wrote The Cricket and when? |
Josquin in 1500 *Secular 4-part song called a Frottola |
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What are some characteristics of Josquins style? |
- Expressive -imitative counterpoint, often with paired imitation -clear declamation of text -cascades |
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What is a Madrigal? |
A secular song Follows a through composed structure Emerged in Florence in 1520's Extensive word-music relationships |
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Who lived during the time of Shakespeare? |
Thomas Weelkes (bastard) |
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Who was Thomas Weelkes and when did he live? |
1575-1623 -English composer and organist Like Shakespeare he was fascinated by Italian poetry and music. |
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Who wrote Since RobinHood and when? |
Thomas Weelkes in 1608 * remember ... Shakespeare... robin hood is a play |
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Who was William Kemp and when did he die? |
1603, known as an actor and dancer often worked for Shakespeare 9 days of wonder- 1600 Danced from London to Norwich |
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Who was Luzzasco Luzzasch and when did he live? |
-Italian composer and organisit -court composer -wrote virtuosoic madrigals -1545-1607 |
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What was the Concerto Delle Donne? |
- a group of 3 female singers who were renowned for their technical and artistic virtuosity -performed for an exclusive audience -Revolutionized the role of women in music
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Who was Carlo Gesualdo and when did he live? |
1560-1613 - Italian composer og madrigals and sacred music - was a prince -murdered his wife and her lover |
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Who was William Byrd? When did he live? |
1542-1623 -Born in London, England -An English Roman Catholic working in the Protestant court of Queen Elizabeth I |
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Who wrote Sing Joyfully and when? |
William Byrd, 1590 *Sacred 6 part anthem (SSAATB) |
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What was Counter-Reformation? |
- music should be reverent in nature, and there should be no quotations of tunes from secular songs -the words should be clearly audible to the listeners. |
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What are Rhyme Songs? |
Singing developed in the 19th century when sponge fishermen in the Bahamas sang distinct melodic lines * texts are religious |
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What is Syncretism? |
Combines different forms of belief and practice/ |
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When was My Lord Help Me Pray written? |
1965 |
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When did Bob Marley live and who was he? |
1945-1981 Jamaican singer-song writer, performer, composer and political activist Brought reggae to audiences world wide |
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When was the Baroque era? |
1600-1750 |
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What were some characteristics of the Baroque era and Baroque music? |
- one of the richest times of music -highly ornamental music |
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What era was named after and oddly shaped pearl? |
The Baroque era.
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Who was Giovanni Gabrieli and when did he live? |
Italian composer and organist in 1555-1612 wrote mostly sacred, vocal and instrumental music. * Worked in St.Mark's Basilica and Sovola Grande di San Rocco |
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What is Polychoral Antiphony? |
When 2 or more groups of singers sing in alternation. *Gabrieli was very famous or this |
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Who was famous for Polychoral Antiphony? |
Giovanni Gabrieli |
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What is a Ritronello? |
A refrain or chorus. |
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What is a monody? |
An accompanied solo song. |
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What does gruppi mean? |
Quickly alternating between 2 notes that are side by side *Trill |
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What is Trilli |
Rapis repetitions of the same pitch. |
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What are sforzandos? |
Sudden exclamations with strong emphasis |
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What is sprezzzatura? |
A general slowing in the tempo |
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What are the new trends of the Baroque period? |
-Castrati's -Opera |
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Who was Claudio Monteverdi and when did he live? |
1567-1643 Italian composer and singer and priest. Court composer Wrote madrigals, operas, sacred music Was seen as a revolutionary from the renaissance to the Baroque Worked at an orphan as a teacher |
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Who was a child prodigy that wrote his first composition when he was 15? |
Claudio Monteverdi |
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What is the First Practice? |
-the style of polypohony -music values prevail over words -controlled dissonances |
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What is Second Practice? |
-the emotional weight of the text outweighs everything else -free use of dissonances -text is important but wants to make sure the music paints the text |
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What was the goal of Baroque composers? |
to express or represent a wide range of emotions and to move into a more secular world. |
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What are the criticisms against Claudio Monteverdi? |
-harshly criticized for taking contrapuntal liberties and offered so-called corrections of some of his music |
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What are the 3 elements of opera? |
-Recitative- emphasis on text -Aria - Emphasis on music -Duets, trios, quartets, quintets, sextets, choruses |
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When was Orpheus written and by who? What was the genre? |
1607 Claudio Monteverdi Genre- secular opera |
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Who was Henry Purcell and when did he live? |
1659-1695 English court and church composer |
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Who wrote Dido and Aeneas, when and what was it based on? |
Henry Purcell 1689 based on a book |
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What is an overture? |
Instrumental piece that begins an opera or other large work. |
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What makes a French Overture? |
- Consists of 2 repeated contrasting sections -Follows a form of AABB -(A) A slow introduction -(B) A fast imitative section |
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What is a Basso Continuo? |
A small group of instruments that play more or less continuously throughout a piece of music. |
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Who is Barbara Strozzi and when did she live? |
Italian composer and singer 1619-1677 Uniquely privileged Published 8 volumes of music but also did a lot of singing herself. Also known as a prostitute. |
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Who wrote Revenge, when, and what was the genre? |
Barbara Strozzi 1651 Arietta |
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What are the 3 different types of Baroque songs? |
Aria, Recitative, Arietta |
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Who was Antonio Vivaldi and when did he live? |
Italian priest, composer and virtuoso violinist - Was also a teacher at an orphanage for girls. |
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Who was nicknamed the Red Priest?
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Antonio Vivaldi *1678-1741 |
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Who wrote the 4 seasons, when and what was the type of music? |
Antonio Vivaldi 1720 4 concertos |
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What is a concerto? |
An instrumental piece in 3 parts or movements. |
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Winter, from the 4 Seasons, follows what form? |
The ritronello principle, alternating between tutti and soloist Structured around large key changes |
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What is Program music? |
An instrumental work that is in some way associated with a story, event, or idea |
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What was Antonio Vivaldi's influence? |
Bach loved him and arranged several of hi concertos for the organ Pioneer of orchestral program music Was the master of melodic invention and formal novelty |
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Who was the master of melodic invention and formal novelty? |
Antonio Vivaldi |
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Who was Bach and when did he live? |
HUGELY influential German composer, organist, harpsichordist, violinist, and violist. 1685-1750 |
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How many of Bach's sons also became composers? |
3 |
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Did Bach ever leave Germany? |
No, but he travelled a lot within the country. |
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Who was the master of counterpoint? |
Bach |
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Did Bach contribute to opera? |
No, he wrote what he was asked to write. |
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Who wrote Fugue in G minor, when and what was the genre and form? |
Bach 1705 Genre: Polyphonic work, imitative counterpoint Form: Fugal Exposition |
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What is the form of a Fugal Exposition? |
1. Middle Entries 2. Episodes 3. Final Entry |
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Who was Leopold Stokowski, when did he live, and what was his significance? |
1882-1977 Conductor helped develop the Philadelphia Orchestra Played a role in bringing classical music to Hollyood |
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Who wrote the Brandenburg Concerto No.2 in F Major, 3rd Movement? What was its form |
Bach Ritrnello Principle 4 solo's, 4 ritornelli |
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What is a Cantata? |
Sacred vocal genre |
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Who wrote Cantata 140: Awake a voice calls to me? When? How many movements? |
Bach 1731 7 movements |
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What is a Chorale? |
A famous tune associated with the protestant church -Instrumental introduction that evokes a French overture. |
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Who was Handel and when did he live? |
German composer 1685-1759 *Travelled widely, wrote operas, oratorios, instrumental music, anthems, organ music |
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Where was Handel buried? |
Westminister Abbey *3,000 people attended his funeral |
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What is an Oratorio? |
A dramatic work often in 3 acts, performed by soloists, chorus and orchestra and musically it is virtually identical to an opera |
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What are the Key difference between and Oratorio and an Opera? |
1. Not staged like operas 2. Usually based on sacred topics |
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Who wrote the music for the Messiah and when? Where was the text from? What type of music was it? |
Handel 1747 Biblical text Oratorio |
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Where was the Première of the Messiah? |
New Music Hall *1742 |
