Music 187 Unit 1 Jazz

Front 1

Diaspora

Back 1

the dispersal of people from their traditional homelands

Front 2

Oral traditions vs Western European Traditions

Back 2

oral = passsing on ideas about music through direct contact.

western = written language corresponding to a spoken one or a system by which informarion about music is communicated.

Western is convienent to the idea that there doesn't need to be a intermediary person to recognize the music but the expression of music is limited only to the code.

Front 3

how are oral and W.E. Systems implemented in today?

Back 3

W.E tradition is mainly what we use today.

Front 4

How do these two traditions relate to jazz (oral and W.E)

Back 4

Early jazz depended a lot on oral traditon to pass down their "world view" to the proteges. Also passed down the codified system of European Descended America. .

Front 5

How important is improvisation? How does it relate to your life? What role does it play in jazz?

Back 5

Personal expression and is very important. It is the very essence of Jazz and sometimes not at all written down on paper. Head arrangement = the head is played which is most recognizable and then improvisition follows.

Front 6

Know common bar/measure structure; standard text form for country (traditional) blues; why blues form became standardized. What are the differences between city and country blues? Is the blues form used in other styles of music?

Back 6

Standard text form = AABA
A= 8 Bars, B = 8 Bars, 32 bar chorus
Traditional Blues = AAB 12 bar Form
A=4 bar B= 4 bar
country blues are usually sang by a man and his guitar whereas city blues are usually sung by a woman accompanied by a peaino or small ensemble, usually in vaudeville stage performances. city blues were not considered authentic folk blues because the tunes were often "Tin Pan ALley" style popular

Front 7

Ragtime

Back 7

Left hand = the beat while Right Hand = played off or against the beat. Use of poly rhythm, form of the rag is like the classical rondo.
Associated with the slave dance, the cake walk.
began as an oral tradition, improvised, while known rags are written down.
Key artists: Scott Joplin

Front 8

boogie woogie

Back 8

Strict repetitive rhythmic pattern in the left hand. Highly syncopated improvised right hand. 12 bar blues. ROUGHER THAN RAGTIME.
Likely began in East Texas played in barrel houses. Influenced Kansas city blues and Rock n Roll.
Key artists = Meade Lux lewis who created honky tonk train blues

Front 9

Stride

Back 9

left hand 2 beat, from ragtime, but more complex and swinging. flowing, improvised right hand. Uses "blue" notes, a piano equivalent to the bending of vocal pitches. The most technically challenging jazz style. Developed into a solid style in Harlem. Played at rent parties in the 20's and competed in "cutting contests." Key artists include - Thomas "fats" Waller, played honeysuckle rose

Front 10

Early Jazz

Back 10

Originated in New Orleans. cultural mix of Blacks were accepted in new orleans especially those Creoles who considered themselves Free blacks who claimed African French or spanish acenstry. They had access to more education and status with whites thus creating a melting pot for jazz.

Front 11

Storyville

Back 11

A sectioned off part of New Orleans made to accommodate the Red Light District. Was shut down in 1917 influenced by pressure from the Navy of WWI Thus sending many musicians to Chicago.

Front 12

Early Jazz instrumentation and characteristics

Back 12

Use of collective improvisation. Two beat was popular in Chicago because of ragtime. Trumpet and clarinet are lead melodic instruments. Western Euro stylistic influence includes marches and hymms.
Instrumentation = 1-2 trumpets, clarinet, trombone, banjo/piano, tuba, drums "trap set".

Front 13

Who recorded first Jazz song?

Back 13

Original Dixieland Jass Band- all whites.
It lacked swing of true original

Front 14

What style of rhythm is most popular in Chicago? In New Orleans? Know key performers and songs played in class.

Back 14

New Orleans:
– Flat-four rhythm
– even stress on all beats
(Louis Armstrong)
“Chimes Blues” (1923)
Chicago:
– Two-beat rhythm
– boom-chuck like ragtime
(Bix Beiderbecke)
“Somebody Stole my Gal” (1928

Front 15

Early Jazz Instrumentation

Back 15

Saxophone was invented by Sidney Bechet and replaced the saxophone as the main woodwind instrument. Arrangers/arrangements become a necessity for the first time in jazz.

Front 16

Early Jazz Socail considerations

Back 16

Dancings popularity demanded bigger groups. African Amercian leaders pioneer adding musicians to create a big band . jazz expanded to other cities: New york, washington d.c., Kansas City. A new style, rhythm and blues emerges to eventually spawn rock n roll. SIGNIFICANCE of arranger = decides who plays at what time because bands got larger which required more organization.

Front 17

significance of and social restrictions related to establishments such as the Cotton Club in Harlem

Back 17

All white club with staff and entertainment consisting of African-American which forced Duke Ellington and others to come up with new tunes every week. Ellington was a western euro composer and sought to reflet that sophistication in his music. He wanted to move his music beyond "jazz" label. was criticized by some for not being truly jazz.

Front 18

Dancing was the main driving force behind bands getting bigger. T/F

Back 18

TRUE

Front 19

The Club Ellington played at between 1927-32 where his jungle style was known is where?

Back 19

Cotton Club

Front 20

Two or more instruments in a band is called a:

Back 20

A section

Front 21

Count Basie's early Kansas City band played tunes arranged by agreement, built upon interlocking riffs. T/F

Back 21

true

Front 22

Fletcher Henderson (Early Big Band)

Back 22

Bandleader and arranger most active in New York. Invented sections and sectional writing. Hired Louis Armstrong and who came from Joe "king" Oliver

Front 23

Count Basie

Back 23

A pianist that learned from Stride Master Fats Waller. lead big bands that relied on interlocking riffs. many of his tunes carried the small group flavor of his Kansas City home. Significant influence on Basie sax man, Lester young.

Front 24

Joe “King” Oliver (1885-1938

Back 24

Played trumpet. One of the first African-American jazz records. His Creole Jazz Band considered best
Joins “Great Migration” to Chicago
1920 hired Louis “Dippermouth Blues” (1923)

Front 25

Benny Goodman (popular swing bands)

Back 25

Who was called the kind of swing. and his orchestra was extremely popular on the radio. and was the first person to perform a jazz concert in Carnegie hall. FIRST PERSON TO INTEGRATE HIS MEMBERS. Created Lets Dance, and SING SING SING.

Front 26

Glenn Miller (popular swing bands)

Back 26

Band leader who knew how to compose. Created "Moon light Serenade" and became a last dance song for officers going off to war. Nostalgic to WWI. Miller made his band sound like one instrument and smoothness was the theme. It was this sound that epitomized the sound popular swing sound during the WWI.

Front 27

Popular Swing Bands

Back 27

simliarities to early big band with sectional writting and focus on dancing. Emphasis on commercial expansion to larger Halls and audiences. Often limited use of improvisation. Instruments= 3-5 trumpets, 3-5 Trombones, 3-5 Woodwinds, rhythm section

Front 28

Louis Armstrong

Back 28

scat singing = improvising using nonsense syllables. Before being a jazz phenom, started his career as a singer and dancer on the street. Used driving and infectious rhythm in his very famous singing career. played a song that used scat "Hotter than that"

Front 29

Bessy smith

Back 29

Arguably the greatest and most influential singer of blues of 1920s. Played the song "In the song blues." Had a voice that was rough and Loud that could fill up a hall. Had a southern Black church feel. was the highest paid black blues singer of her time.

Front 30

Ella Fitzgerald

Back 30

was the single greatest scat-singing female of all time. Discovered winning Apollo Theater’s “Amateur Night in Harlem. She would rework much of the old lyrics to her own style. "Mack The Knife" “A-Tisket, A-Tasket”(1939) her 1st hit, a million seller

Front 31

Billie Holiday; the way she approached singing melodies

Back 31

Emotional interpretations of standards
No “straight” singing
“Strange Fruit” (1939)
Lewis Allan’s poem, her most poignant and memorable song

Front 32

Sinatra; what popular big band he started with, his style and contribution

Back 32

“Polkadots and Moonbeams” (1941)
With the Tommy Dorsey Orchestra. “My Way” (1969)

Front 33

Coleman Hawkins vs Lester Young

Back 33

Colman Hawkins used more Vibrato while Lester Young used less and limited use of vibrato. Young was a master of rhythm and a true interpreter.

Front 34

Know circumstances and attitudes leading to development of bebop. What compelled musicians to play bebop?

Back 34

Because of the war, big bands were hard to come by. Many musicians grew out of commercial and swing music. its by and for the musicians who created it and played it. Also there was a ban on recording that helped fuel this new style with emphasis on more improv.

Front 35

Where did bebop prosper and know specific venues.

Back 35

New York in the Harlem Neighborhood. Clubs like Minton's Playhouse and Kelly Stable.

Front 36

BEBOP: What kind of audience did it attract (occupation, race)? Was it meant for listening or dancing? Was it popular? Know characteristics of style, key players, their instruments and significant characteristics/contributions of each, songs played in class, and common instrumentation

Back 36

musicians were often the audiance and was mostly black. It was meant for listening and was not very popular. Small bands. Key players include: Charlie "yardbird" Parker (alto sax) and John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie (trumpet)
Chracteristics= played standards with alternate melodies called heads. fast tempos and comlex chord changes that had unison melody lines.

Front 37

Charlie Parker (BEBOP SAX)

Back 37

was considered a K.C. musician - blues. Most imitated improvisor. Met Dizzy in new york

Front 38

Dizzy Gillespie (Bebop trumpet)

Back 38

Was 18 when he first played professionally. PLayed with bird in Billy Eckstines band. Gillespie organized the principle ideas of the beboppers into an intellectual framework that allowed bebop to progress beyond a small and restricted circle of after hour enthusiasts. Gillespie took Miles Davis under his wing. started afro-cuban jazz.

Front 39

were the precursors of cool jazz?

Back 39

Miles davis and Bill Evans

Front 40

Miles Davis and Birth of the Cool: know main influences, goals, and unique instrumentation.

Back 40

Main influences = Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie. Goal was to slow down and have less vibrato making it sound cool. Featured horn and tuba, as well as trumpet and trombone, alto and baritone saxes, piano, bass, and drums.

Front 41

Gil Evans (Cool)

Back 41

Was a composer/arranger/pianist who acted as an adviser to the group: Miles Davis and the Birth of cool. Stuck with helping Miles for 20 years recording albums. WHITE

Front 42

The Third Stream (Cool jazz)

Back 42

Composer and performer, Gunther Schuller coined the term Third stream to signify music that was a hybridization of jazz and classical music. Modern Jazz quartet did this the best. More complex structures in jazz. Their sober professionalism redefined audience expectations of what a jazz performance should be.

Front 43

West Coast Jazz (Cool jazz)

Back 43

Started in the Hollywood, Club: The lighthouse in Hermosa Beach, heavily influenced by Miles Davis.

Front 44

Modality

Back 44

“So What” Kind of Blue (1959)
Example of use of modality.
Modal is a scale - any scale - a modal piece is one that is in something other than major and minor.

Front 45

Free jazz

Back 45

pieces are based on a concept, but no cord changes or form is agreed upon. Musicians are free to act. NO predetermined roles. Lennie Tristano did it before anyone else but was a decade before it got known. Key artists Ornette Coleman - Sax , Don Cherry (trumpet)

Front 46

Hard Bop

Back 46

Bebop to the extreme. Much more complex chord changes, faster tempos, unison melody and arranged harmony parts, complex arrangements. Played more original compositions not as many heads.

Front 47

Understand the impact of John Coltrane. Know artist whose “graduates” represent a who’s-who of jazz.

Back 47

Coltrane was a huge impact on hard bop changing the way bop is heard who introducing long solos and very complex chord progressions. Art Blakely was the drummer who would take in musicians into his school and send them on their way after time.

Front 48

Funky Bop/latin influences

Back 48

Little stylistic relationship to "bop"
straight 8th note beat from latin and rock
simpler chords, melody and form than hard bop. catchy melody, played twice before solos. Blues gospel influenced improvation. African-american roots are reconnected, Much more popular than hard bop. More consistent recognizeable bass lines. Horace silver "Song for my Father." solos were more improvised in a blues style.

Front 49

Fusion Jazz

Back 49

Straight rock rhythms replace swing beats
More advanced drum kit
Other percussion instruments: congas, timbales, castanets, etc.
Latin influence in some cases
Extended solos
Repetitive chord progressions and bass lines
Short melodic fragments
Miles davis, Chick Corea, Weather Report "bird land"