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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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music
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organization of sounds in time
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pitch
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relative highness or lowness of a sound
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tone
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a sound that has a definite pitch
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interval
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the distance in pitch between any two tones
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octave
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a double or half of a frequency; when it separates tones, they sound alike
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range
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distance from the lowest to highest tone a voice or instrument can produce
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dynamics
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degrees of loudness or softness (pianissimo-fortissimo)
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tone color
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quality of sound that creates variety and contrast
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beat
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regular, recurrent pulsation that divides music into equal units of time
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meter
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organization of beats into regular groups
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accent
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emphasis of a note; result is louder, longer, or higher pitch than notes near it
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tempo
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basic pace of the music
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accelerando
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becoming faster
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ritardando
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becoming slower
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melody
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series of single tones that add up to a recognizable whole
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legato
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smooth, connected manner of performing a melody
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staccato
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short, detached manner of performing a melody
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phrases
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parts of a melody
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sequence
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in a melody, the immediate repetition of a melodic pattern
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theme
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melody that serves as the starting point for an extended piece of music
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harmony
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how chords are constructed and how they follow each other
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chord
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combination of three or more tones sounded at once
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triad
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most basic of chords; consisting of three alternate tones of the scale, like do-mi-sol
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cadence
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resting place at the end of a phrase or melody; giving sense of conclusion
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broken chords
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sounding of the individual tones of a chord in sequence, not at the same time
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modulation/change of key
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shift from one key to another within the same piece
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musical texture
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number of layers of sound that are heard at once, what kind of layers they are, and how they are related to each other
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monophonic texture
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single melodic line without an accompaniment
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polyphonic texture
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performance of two or more melodic lines of relatively equal interest at the same time
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homophonic texture
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music in which one main melody is accompanied by chords
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musical form
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organization of musical elements in time
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ternary form
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ABA; statement (A), contrast/departure (B), return (A)
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binary form
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AB, AAB, ABB, AABB; statement (A), counterstatement (B)
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church modes
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basis of Gregorian chant; different whole and half steps than modern scales
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drone
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long, sustained tone(s) accompanying a melody
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organum
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medieval polyphony that consists of Gregorian chant and one or more additional melodic lines
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Gregorian chant
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melodies set to sacred Latin texts, sung without accompaniment
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measured rhythm
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definite time values and clearly defined meter, indicated pitch not rhythm
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brass
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sound produced by vibration of player's lips in mouthpiece; tones are amplified and colored in flared tube; pitch changed by mouth, valves, or slides
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reed
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thin piece of cane, used in woodwind instruments, produces sound by vibration
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rhythm
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ordered flow of music through time; the pattern of durations of notes and silences in music
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strings
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sound is produced by the vibration of strings
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woodwinds
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sound produced by vibrations of air in a tube; holes along length of tube are opened and closed to control pitch
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percussion
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sound produced by striking, shaking, or rubbing; definite or indefinite pitch
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conductor
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leader of a performing group of musicians
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bow
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slightly curved stick strung tightly with horsehair, used to play string instruments
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single reed
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sound produced by one piece of cane vibrating over a hole in the mouthpiece
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double reed
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sound produced by two narrow pieces of cane held between the lips
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downbeat
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first, or stressed, beat of a measure
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syncopation
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accenting of a note at an unexpected time
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leap
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interval larger than that between two adjacent tones in the scale
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step
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interval between two adjacent tones in the scale
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timbre
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aka tone color
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keyboard
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played by pressing a series of keys with the fingers
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major scale
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series of seven different tones within an octave, with a note repeating the first tone an octave higher, consists of a specific pattern of whole and half steps
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major scale whole and half steps
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W W H W W W H
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minor scale whole and half steps
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W H W W H W W
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major key
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music based on a major scale
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minor scale
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series of seven different tones within an octave, with a note repeating the first tone an octave higher, consists of a specific pattern of whole and half steps
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minor key
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music based on a minor scale
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counterpoint
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technique of combining two or more melodic lines into a meaningful whole
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imitation
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presentation of a melodic idea by one voice or instrument that is immediately followed by its restatement by another voice or instrument, like a round
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estampie
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medieval dance music; triple meter with a strong beat and single melody
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word/text painting
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musical representation of specific poetic images; often in Renaissance music
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a cappella
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choral music without instrument accompaniment
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motet
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polyphonic choral work set to a sacred Latin text other than that of mass
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madrigal
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composition of several voices set to a short secular poem, usually about love, combining homophonic and polyphonic textures and often use word painting
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lute
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plucked string instrument shaped like half a pear; used in Renaissance music
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Renaissance
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1450-1600; horizons of music and invention greatly expanded
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Trouveres
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noble composers of northern France; wrote songs/poems for court use
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Troubadours
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noble composers of southern France; wrote songs/poems for court use
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jongleurs
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lowest social class of minstrels who performed songs in concert
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4 main properties of sound
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pitch, dynamics, tone color, duration
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3 social classes of the Middle Ages
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nobility, peasantry, clergy
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description of organ during Middle Ages
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keys operated by heavy blows with fist, could be heard for miles, noise distracted worshippers
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ordinary mass
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Catholic worship, longer, unchanging
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5 main parts of mass
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kyrie, gloria, credo, sanctus, agnus dei
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humanism
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dominant intellectual movement during the Renaissance; focused on human life and developments
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3 forms of texture
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monophonic, polyphonic, homophonic
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characteristics of Middle Ages
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period of wars and mass immigration, strong class distinctions, visual art is iconic/symbolic not realism, late ages saw much technical progress
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architecture of Middle Ages
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early: Romanesque, late: Gothic
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characteristics of Renaissance
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rebirth of human learning and creativity, fascination with ancient Greece and Rome, visual art more realistic and focused on mythology and nude body, weakening of Catholic church, education and literacy new status symbols due to printing press
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string group
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violin, viola, cello, double bass, harp, guitar
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woodwind group
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piccolo, flute, clarinet, bass clarinet, oboe, English horn, bassoon
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brass group
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trumpet, French horn, trombone, tuba
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percussion group- definite pitch
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timpani, glockenspiel, xylophone, celesta, chimes
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percussion group- indefinite pitch
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snare, bass, tambourine, triangle, cymbals, gong
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keyboard group
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piano, harpsichord, organ, accordion
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electronic group
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tape studio, synthesizers
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characteristics of music in the Middle Ages
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church dominates musical activity, women only sing in convents, primarily vocal and sacred
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Guido DiArezzo
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founded system of exact pitches and system of music notation
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characteristics of music in the Renaissance
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texture- primarily polyphonic, a cappella, rhythm flows and overlaps, less metrical accents, melody is smooth, stepwise and overlapping between voices
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Bizet: L'Arlesienne Suite No. 2, Farandole
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texture, imitation
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Anon.: Alleluia Vidimus Stellam
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Gregorian chant, Latin text, monophonic, ternary form
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Hildegard of Bingen: O Sucessores
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Gregorian chant, drone, Latin text, wide melodic range
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Perotin: Alleluia Nativitas
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organum
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Anon.: Estampie
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triple meter, fast tempo, strong downbeat, notated as chant
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Machaut: Notre Dame Mass, Agnus Dei
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ternary form, polyphonic (4 voices), texture
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Josquin: Ave Maria...Virgo Serena
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4 voice motet, polyphonic imitation, duple and triple meter
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Palestrina: Pope Marcellus Mass, Kyrie
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polyphonic imitation, 6 voices
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Weelkes: As Vesta Was Descending
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word painting, english madrigal
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Caroubel: Passamezzo and Galliard
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contrasting court dances, duple and triple meter
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Morley: Now Is The Month of Maying
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english madrigal, use of rhyming, fa-la-la
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