Musi 303 Final

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SOUTHEAST ASIA - GENERAL

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- SignificantChinese populations living in Southeast Asia

- including the instruments.

- Thedifferences between indigenous Southeast Asian instruments and East Asian isthe SEA instruments are made of bronze. SEA is very diverse, with 200??? Different ethnic groups with differentdialects

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BRONZE GONG ENSEMBLE

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- Ensemble of gongs, cymbals and drums of the upland people of Vietnam

- Some gongs range from small to large (changes pitch)

- dance accompaniment marching in a circle while hitting the gongs

- interlocking composite melody

- festivals and religious ritual

- everyone is equal in roles, reflective of social groups as there is non-existent hierarchy

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NHAC TAI TU - SOUTHERN VIETNAM

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- Form of chamber music from Southern Vietnam

- Modal system, based on a system of different scales/modes this comes from trade, immigration with India

- rhythmic cycles from India

- improvised introductions from india

- heterophony chinese influence

- recreation

- dan co (lute related to erhu + silk road related)

- dan tranh (plucked zither similar to gu zheng and koto +silkroadrel.)

- dan kim (lute similar to yueqin, silk road rel.)

- ornamentation!!

- not meant for stage, more for self

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PIPHAT - THAILAND

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- Classical ensemble from Thailand characterized by use of melodic and rhythmic percussion

- double reed aerophone (BPI)

- melodic referring to xylophones and percussion referring drums

RANKING of instruments, polyphonic stratification make up layering in the ranking (xylophones are placed on top):

1. Ranat Ek - xylophone is curved (idiophone)

2. Ranat thum - larger idiophone, heavier no foot, has four spots less curved

3. Khong wong lek - high itched

4. khong wong yai is similar and same size. idiophones

- polyphonic stratification - layering of simultaneous rhythmic density variants of a single melody

- used for state functions, court ceremonies, rites of passage, theatre

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LAM KLAWN

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- Laos/Northeast Thailand (Isan)

- interesting form of folk music

- Isan older lifestyle area, mostly rural in NE Thailand/Laotian people

- vocal repartee (debate/argument w 2 vocalists, man + woman taking turns resenting each side with improvised intro)

- accompanied by khaen, bamboo free-reed mouth organ from Laos/NE Thailand, similar to Sheng (SR relation!)

- while one person sings, the other dances. They take turns, and sing about history, relationships, religion, literature, social etiquette

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JAVA (INDONESIA) - GENERAL

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Highpopulation density, world’s largest Muslim country, relatively moderate. Priorto the arrival of Islam, it was mostly Hindu. Different Kings in the islands ofIndonesia looked to Indian culture as the epitome of civilization, wanted toassociate themselves with Indian culture to give themselves a sense oflegitimacy and high class. Today, an island like Java, most people are Muslim but there are cultural influences of Muslim. Even further back, other spiritual traditions weretraditions that were animalistic spiritual/tradition.

- Javanese music is slow, and smooth transitioned. Maintains the over all serenity

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YOGYAKARTA & SUKARATA

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· Court cities of royalty, sponsoring the Arts · Gamelans and wayang puppets. A gemalan is anensemble from Java, also existing in Bali. Wayang refers to “Shadow puppets”

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GAMELAN (ORCHESTRA)

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- orchestra

- reference to instruments themselves as opposed to orchestra is more so people

- indonesian metallophone orchestra that includes:

i. metal keyed (bc xylophones are wood)

ii. spiked fiddle, bamboo flutes

iii. barrel-shaped drums

- normally small male chorus

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GAMELAN INSTRUMENT CATEGORIES

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i. knobbed gongs - hanging (gong ageng), largest low-pitched hanging gong

ii. kettle gongs - horizontal gongs

- Knobbed gongs play the body layer of the polyphonic stratification

iii. Keyboards

- Upper layers played by keyboard instruments

iv. Other Melodic instruments

v. Membranophones

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GongCycle (Colotomic Structure)

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- a chart at which the big hanging gongs play on, a particular repeated sequence to give structure to music. It is a 16 beat cycle. The last 16th beat, has two gongs hit at the same time. This is important to Indonesian culture, if on a certain day lines up with a certain part of the month, it is considered an important spiritual significance. For Indonesian genre, the last beat is thestrongest beat in the rhythmic cycle. “End-accented rhythmic cycle”

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Phonic Structure

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i. Gong Cycle – hanging gongs – lower layers of stratification

a. Colotomic cycle

ii. Basic Melody - kettle gongs – also lower layer

iii. Elaborating melody – upper layers of stratification, keyboard instruments

a. Polyphonic stratification

iv. Drums – controls everythinggggg, own rhythm that coordinate, but are NOT part of the layer. The drummer controls volume as well, and escapes from the loop cycles, housekeeping role, but not there to be flashy or soloistic in any way

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Spiritual Concepts in Gamelan

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• Importance of simultaneities

• Hindu-Buddhist conceptions of time as cyclic

• Cardinal directions (NS)

• Puppeteering – shadow puppets

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Form

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• Head

o Short solo introduction

• Body

o Colotomic structure

o Polyphonic stratification

• Foot

o Conclusion of piece

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Gamelan Dedung – West Java

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• Smaller gamelan

• Court ensemble

• Higher level of refinement

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Bali - general

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- Entirely Hindu. Extremely strong, Balinese Hindu, than Indian. High level of spiritual awareness. Bali is one of those places, where spirituality is part of their everyday walk thru life.

- The music tends to be faster, more virtuosic (musicians have high level of skill for the instruments).

- Javanese on the other hand, is slower and graceful.

- Balinese music is so complex, most is performed by professionals, than amateurs. Balinese is more angular, with abrupt transitions. The music is high energy

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KECAK

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- named after the impression of the sound that a monkey makes

- rhythmic chanting

- monkey chant!

- all vocal, a choir but no lyrics

- rhythmic interlocking

- story of Ramayana epic

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GAMELAN GONG GEDE

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- Courts gamlean from pre-colonial Bali

- Used to mark life cycle ceremonies, and to celebrate major temple festivals

- large gamelan, over 40+ musicians

o Sedate, graceful, at moderate tempo

o Replaced today by gamelan gong kebyar

• “Tooth-filing” ceremony, your canines were identified as a vestige of animal revolution, and to become “refined, mature adults” take the animal out – file the canines!

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GAMELAN GONG KEBYAR

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• Modern Style

• Most popular Balinese gamelan

• Explosive changes in tempo and dynamics

• Common gamelan instrumentation

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GAMELAN GENDER WAYANG

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• Music to accompany

i. Wayang Kulit (evening shadow theatre)

ii. Wayang Lemah (daytime shadow theatre)

• Quartet of four gender

- Gender – name of instrument

- Wayang – shadow puppets

- Music in two interlocking parts

- Canon of composed repertoire (sad scenes,romance, etc)