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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Major genre categories |
Classical, Folk, Popular |
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Classical music genre |
- era of art music, "classical" is a term used to sell music by marketing companies - between 1750-1825, Bach is not in this but his music is still referred to as classical music - Western classical music developed through institutional patronage, even today classical music depends on grants, corporate sponsorships and private donations - originally meant for elite and educated - Indian, Thai, etc. classical music created by monarchs, sophisticated styles of music |
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Folk music genre |
- to record companies it means an artist and a guitar - really means the music of the common people - opposite of classical (amateur musicians) - less advanced, less sophisticated - tend to be reflection of things that are important to the common people - romance, work, spirituality, everyday life |
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Popular music genre |
- Purpose of popular music is to sell records - industry to create a product - "pop" used to describe all popular music OR specific genre - can be very political |
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Music is Sound and Time: |
- music = sound art - music = temporal art form (has a beginning and an end) - time is fundamental to sound |
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Pitch |
- frequency that a physical object is vibrating - purely psychological |
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Factors affecting frequency in strings: |
length, mass, tension |
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Tone Frequency Chart |
- fundamental pitch: first pitch in a sound - overtone: where we hear differences in instruments is how strong or weak the overtones are |
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Timbre |
- the relative strengths of different frequencies produced by a vibrating object - several different frequencies at once |
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Instrument classifications: |
1. Idiophones 2. Aerophones 3. Membranophones 4. Chordophones 5. Electrophones |
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Idiophones |
instruments that are solid objects, they don't fit into other categories - can be plucked, struck, shaken or scraped e.g. woodblock (struck), can of seeds (shaken) |
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Aerophones |
instrument where the sound is coming from air traveling through the instrument e.g. flute, reed, trumpet, human voice |
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Membranophones |
drums of all kinds |
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Chordophones |
string instruments - can be plucked, struck, bowed. 4 types: lute, zither, harp, lyre |
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Rhythm definition and terms |
succession of musical events in time Beat: steady pulse Tempo: how fast the beat is going Accent: referring to certain beats that are stronger than others and more emphasized Metre: beats grouped together that create a repetitive cycle |
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Rhythm types |
Free: rhythms being created without any beat Regular: adding a beat Metred: beat is organized into groups |
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9 Musical Elements |
Melody, Harmony, Phonic Structure, Rhythm, Instrumentation, Form, Style, Mood/Feeling, Purpose |
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Melody |
- an organized succession of pitches forming a music idea - Melodic contour: descending, ascending, cascading, arch, smooth, jagged, etc. - Ornamentation (embellishments) |
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Harmony |
the sound of multiple pitches simultaneously |
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Phonic structure |
- organizational relationship between or among sounds - texture |
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Instrumentation |
instruments used in the piece |
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Form |
the shape or underlying structure ofa musical performance as it unfolds overtime |
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Style |
genre |
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General African Characteristics |
Non-Artistic purposes, Multi-disciplinary, Participation, Enculturation, Musical Elements, Outside Influence |
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African: non-artistic purposes |
work music: motivation and make work less tedious, raises morale oral history recitation: old stories that are preserved in poetic form that are passed down generation to generation - recited with musical accompaniment Spiritual/religious: christianity, islam, ancestor worship (praying to deceased relatives for fertility, livestock, crops, good weather, conflicts, pests, etc.) War preparation: pre-battle rituals and ceremonies where communities will drum and chant to prepare warriors psychologically Recreational: celebrating harvests, weddings, births, people getting together and enjoying life |
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African: multi-disciplinary |
- music is combined with other things i.e. dance, poetry, drama, etc. - seeing music by itself is almost unheard of in traditional African culture - usually it is with dance |
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African: Participation |
- traditionally rare to have anyone excluded in music making - everyone in community takes part - No audience - Presently there are some audiences due to cultural influence |
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African: Enculturation |
- learning a culture through immersion - opposite of enculturation = formal training |
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African: Musical Elements |
- Polyrhythm: multiple metres happening simultaneously - Repetition: because there is dancing, rhythm can go on and on - Call & Response: solo singer is call and the rest of the group is response |
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African: Outside Influence |
- African music has been influenced by Europe, South Asian, Middle East - African music has influenced rest of the world too |
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Ghana |
1. West African Polyrhythmic Music 2. Talking Drums |
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West African Polyrhythmic Music |
- music/dance of various people throughout West Africa - instrumentation: drums, bell, rattles, claps, vocal (call&response), also dance - Gankogui - Axatse |
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Gankogui |
- Ewe term to refer to the bell from Ghana - idiophone |
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Axatse |
- instrument from Ghana -> calabash (type of gourd) hollowed out like a shaker - idiophone |
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Agbekor |
- Music and dance of Ewe tribe in Ghana - Polyrhythmic music - Original purpose: war preparation - used in ritual ceremonies to prepare warriors for battle. today is mainly used for funerals |
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Talking Drums |
- Convery linguistic language through music - Donno drums: pull ropes tight to make drum sing - talking words through these drums: surrogate speech - Tonal languages: word can have different meaning depending on pitch of voice - Donno drums used to send messages across long distances, also used for oral recitation or to give reverence to statement - sometimes atumpun drums used (two drums with different pitches) |
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Nigerian Juju |
- popular music genre with origins in 1920s, deriverd from traditional Yoruba drumming (especially talking drums) and Western music - Dominant form of popular music in Nigeria until 1990s - Palm Wine Highlife: early acoustic form of Juju - Electronic amplification added allowed heavier percussion - King Sunny Ade - most important juju artist ever, pioneered it and is still very popular today |
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Palm Wine Highlife |
- early acoustic form of juju - one vocalist accompanied by guitar and light percussion (shakers, hand drums) - intended for white colonists, Africans said they lived the high life - African amateur musicians playing for cheap drinks i.e. palm wine |
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Senegalese Jali |
- poet/praise singer and oral historian from the Mandinka of West of Africa - Singer recites an oral history - Kora - Balafon - Kora player accompanies singer - Griot: like Jali, a tribe from West Africa - Birimintingo: flashy introduction, solos (Kora) - Kumbengo: just meant to accompany singer (Kora) |
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Kora |
- instrument used in Jali in Senegal - harp-lute hybrid - plucked chordophone |
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Balafon |
- instrument in Jali in Senegal - type of African xylophone - idiophone |
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Congo: Central African Pygmy Music |
- Ritual/performance event - Composed songs: composing a melody and some words to go with it - Rich polyphony: many voices or many sounds, worshipping the forest which is their entire world, concept of Makala - Egalitarian: many different roles in this music, but there are no leaders. Bit of age hierarchy but generally all roles are equal |
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Pygmy people |
- Pygmy: term for describing many ethnic groups of forest dwellers in rain forests of Central Africa Pre-Agrarian: do not use technology or agrictulture - Egalitarian: no wealth so no uneven distribution of wealth, no class system, possessions are all shared and portable - Nomadic: homes are huts made of natural materials and can be constructed quickly so they travel - Hunters/Gatherers: if you're pre-agrarian, you're a hunter/gatherer |
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Shona Mbira |
- type of music from Zimbabwe - Shona: among the 60 million Bantu-speakers who dominate central and southern Africa - Mbira: lamellophone common to the Shona and other ethnic groups in Zimbabwe |
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Mbira |
- instrument from Zimbabwe used in Shona Mbira - lamellophone - wooden frame with metal prongs - idiophone - used to comunicate ancestral spirits, and there are certain songs that are favourable depending on who you're trying to contact (Shamanism) |
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Akadinda music |
- Ugandan - xylophone music - Akadinda - Rhythmic interlocking: trying to create a rhythm between multiple players - Enanga - oral recitation in Uganda for entertainment of royalty |
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Akadinda |
- instrument from Uganda - large heavy log xylophone |
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Enanga |
- instrument from Uganda - zither chordophone |
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Mbube |
- South Africa music form - Apartheid - style of choral performance common among migrant workers of South Africa - mine workers that made it through tough working conditions by having camaraderie and singing - Choral bombing: getting really loud and gradually falling - Joseph Shabalala - Ladysmith Black Mambazo - Isicatamiya |
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Creole |
two old world culture coming together to make something new |
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Cuba |
- Taino - African slaves (Yoruba and Bantu) - slave trade - music and culture of West Africa - abolition slavery in Cuba (1886) - Catholic aspects mixed with spirituality - Santeria - Colonial houses - Rumba, Son and Salsa |
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Rumba |
- music/dance form from Cuba - developed after abolition of slavery - African elements - Traditional Cuban percussion: claves, cajones |
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Claves |
- instrument from Cuba - idiophone - descended from African bell |
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Cajones |
- instrument from Cuba - wooden box played like a drum - Idiophone |
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Son & Salsa |
- styles from Cuba - Son: folk music with European origins - Spanish folk song (cancion) - Gradually took on more African percussion - small number of guitars and singers - Cancion brought from Europe, combines with light African rhythm to become son - Modern salsa developed by Cuban and Puerto Rican immigrants in NYC - Cha-cha-cha: slowed down version of Mambo for white people so they can keep up - Mambo: formed in 1930s, very fast paced and used for dance club music |
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Brazil Regions |
- North region characterized myAmazon rainforest - Central West region – lots offarmland, marshland, etc. - South region – most European,lots of Spanish, Italian and German people because there was a second wave ofimmigration. Lots of Middle Eastern and Japanese people came too but settled indifferent regions - Southeast region – most denselypopulated, most wealth but also many favelas - Northeast region – balance ofEuropeans, Africans, and Indigenous people who all have had important influencein the region, also the most culturally productive, poorest region of Brazil,very fertile for artistic development, Samba comes from Bahia (most African),many genres also come for Pernambuco |
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Samba |
- Music and dance from Brazil - Carnaval: pre-lenten festival - Lent: period of 40 days of spiritual discipline, self-sacrifice, and reflection in preparation for Easter - Bahia: where samba was born - Cavaquinho, surdo, pandeiro, chocalho, reco-reco, agogo, cuica |
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Cavaquinho |
half-size guitar, chordophone, lute from Brazil's Samba |
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Surdo |
- from Brazil's samba - low pitched drum normally on a strap so you can march with it, membranophone |
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Pandeiro |
- from Brazil's Samba - tambourine brought by Portugese, idiophone-membranophone hybrid |
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Chocalho |
- from Brazil's Samba - cylindrical shaker, idiophone |
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Reco-reco |
from Brazil's Samba, scraper, idiophone |
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Agogo |
- From Brazil's Samba - Brazilian form of African bells, idiophone |
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Cuica |
- From Brazil's Samba - drum that sounds like a barking dog, membranophone |
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Bahia |
- most African part of Brazil - Samba was born there in 19th century - favelas of Rio de Janeiro - Semba: style of music from Angola that people believe to be African source of Samba - Samba de Roda: rural samba that is Brazil's original samba |
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Carnaval |
- pre-lenten festival - blocos: semi-organized groups of people parading through the streets - samba schools: government worried country is breaking up, government starts funding carnaval to show off brazilian culture and keep the people together, also making money off of it to get nicer drums, better costumes, make floats, etc., samba schools are blocos that have been funded, given name to add an air of appreciation and legitimacy to the groups - sambadrome |
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Capoeira |
- Brazilian form of dance/martial arts developed by runaway slaves - slaves escaped, became colonies, used this as a means of practicing self-defence, no one allowed to possess weapons in exchange for escaped slaves not coming back to attack white colonists, - accompanied by music: 1 pair and everyone else surrounds them, call and response, berimbau |
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Berimbau |
- from Brazil's Capoeira - bow and arrow, lightly touch the string of the bow with a hard object will change the pitch, zither chordophone |
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Calypso |
- popular music from Trinidad and Tobago - improvised lyrics on topical and serious subject matter presented in humourous way (poverty, oppression, racism) - 1-4-5-7 dem bow rhythm - talks about today's issues while reggae is more universal - Clarinet, banjo, drums |
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Soca |
- Trinidadian dance genre formed by Lord Shorty - dem bow - Chutney: form of Calypso/Soca in Hindi - in 60s and 70s,calypso had to compete with r&b and hip-hop and because of Indian population Bollywood was getting big too - had to modernize calpyso - take dem bow rhythm and made it most prominent, very sexualized, not serious - soul and calypso = soca |
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Rapso |
- Trinidadian genre, fusion of soca and hip hop - formed in 70s - dem bow - serious lyrics - music with a message returning to concept of calypso |
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Pan |
- Folk genre from Trinidad and Tobago - Carnaval: used to used sugarcanes to fight - was supposed to be fun but got out of hand with riots and massive fights - British colonial government bans stick fighting in 1881 - not a good response-thought culture was being taken away from them so more rioting from 1881-84 - riots called canboulay after the sugar cane - in 1884, carnaval and drums were banned-riots receded - tamboo-bamboo - panorama |
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Steel drums |
- from Trinidad and Tobago's Pan genre - made out of real oil barrels that have been discarded, surface of drum is hit with a hammer to create a dent, the deeper the dent the lower the notes will be struck in that area. Originally used in huge ensembles - Panorama: huge competition that happens in Sydney Square. Steel bands with 200-300 instruments on stage, very competitive |
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Tamboo-bamboo |
- Trinidad and Tobago's Pan - bamboo tubes that were banged on the ground |
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Mariachi |
- folk music from state of Jalisco in Mexico - Mestizo: combination of European and Indigenous ethnic descent - singer, two trumpets, two violins, viheula, guitar, guitarron - drums not needed because guitars carry rhythm - lyrics often sad and about love |
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vihuela and guitarron |
vihuela: small guitar with shorter neck brought from Spain Guitarron: large guitar providing bass |
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Marimba |
- xylophone common in most Central American republics - Marimba de tecomates: gourds hanging from xylophone that make sound resonate- different lengths resonate different pitches - Marimba sencilla: wooden resonators, multiple musicians playing one instrument - Marimba doble: notes are in two rows of bars, playing European classical repertoire, originally for Europeans settlers wanting genteel music |
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4 Latin American Themes |
1. Nostalgia e.g. the land, ways of life, women 2. Ballads of Leaders and Heroes 3. Commentary on current events and outrage at injustice e.g. music was a news vehicle 4. Communication with supernatural e.g. shamanism |
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Sikuri ensemble |
- instrument from Peru - bamboo aerophones common among indigenous populations from throughout the Andes - Siku (flutes themselves) and sikuri (ensemble) - Melodic interlocking - seasonal associations with this music - Bombo: steady bass drum |
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Sanjuan |
- fixed melodic phrases that pieces of music are based on (compositional technique) - from Ecuador - Bombo - Charango |
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Bombo |
steady bass drum from Peru/Ecuador |
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Charango |
- from Ecuador - half sized string instrument that is related to ukulele, the body is traditionally made from armadillo shell |
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Tango |
- dance music of Argentina and Uruguay - born out of rebellion and men outnumbering women - Origins in 1890s along river Plata - originally working class entertainment - at beginning of 20th century, talented group of tango-ers traveled to Europe to perform and people loved it, so higher-class Argentinians ctarted accepting Tango - men would dance with each other but are rivals so that is why this conflict still exists today in facial expressions - rise and fall in popularity based on politics and economics |
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Tango music |
- sexteto tipico (two violins, two bandoneons, piano, bass) - Bandoneon: like an accordion but no piano, aerophone, players can really control how loud or soft it gets |
