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164 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Energy Systems |
ATP-PC or Phosphagen System Anaerobic Glycolysis or Lactic Acid System- Aerobic or Oxygen System |
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ATP-PC or Phosphagen System |
uses APT during high intensity short duration exercise Does not depend on long series of chemical reactions Does not depend on transporting the O2 we breathe to working muscles Both ATP and PC are stored directly within the contractile |
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Anaerobic Glycolysis or Lactic Acid System |
major supplier of ATP during high intensity short duration activities. Stored glycogen split into gluclose thru glycolysis, split again into pyruvic acidDoes not require O2
Uses carbs (glycogen and glucose) Releases enough energy for the resynthesis of only small amounts of ATP. |
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Aerobic Metabolism |
used predominantly during low intensity, long duration exercise. Provides energy through the oxidation of food. The combo of fatty acids, amino acids, and glucose with oxygen releases energy that forms ATP This system will provide energy as long as there are nutrients to utilize. |
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Free Nerve Endings (Location, sensitivity, primary distribution) |
Location: Joint Capsule, ligaments, sunovium, fat pads Sensitivity: one type is sensitive to non-noxious mechanical stress; other type is sensitive to noxious mechanical or biochemical stimuli Distribution: All joints |
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Golgi Ligament Endings (Location, sensitivity, primary distribution) |
Location: ligaments, adjacent to ligaments' bony attachment Sensitivity: Tension or stretch on ligaments Distribution: Majority of joints |
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Golgi-Mazzoni Corpuscles (Location, sensitivity, primary distribution) |
Location: Jt capsule Sensitivity: Compression of jt capsule Distribution: Knee jt, jt capsule |
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Pancinian Corpuscles (Location, sensitivity, primary distribution) |
Location: Fibrous layer of jt capsule Sensitivity: High freq vibration, acceleration and high velocity changes in jt position Distribution: all joints |
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Ruffini Endings (Location, sensitivity, primary distribution) |
Location: fibrous layer of jt capsule Sensitivity: stretching of jt capsule; amplitude, and greater velocity of jt position Distribution: Greater density in proximal jts, particularly in capsular regions |
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Classification and functional characteristics of Type I muscle fibers |
Classification: Aerobic, red, tonic, slow-twitch, slow-oxidative Function: low fatiguability, high capillary density, high myoglobin content, small fibers, extensive blood supply, Lg amounts of mitochondria |
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Classification and functional characteristics of Type II muscle fibers |
Classification: anaerobic, white, phasic, fast-twitch, fast-glycolytic Function: high fatiguability, low capillary density, low myoglobin content, large fibers, less blood supply, fewer mitochondria |
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Glenohumeral Joint (Open pack, closed pack, capsular pattern) |
Open: 55 degrees abd, 30 degrees horse add Closed: abd, ER Capsular: ER, ABD, IR |
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Sternoclavicular Joint (open pack, closed pack, capsular pattern) |
Open: arm resting by side Closed: max shoulder elevation Capsular: pain at extremes of ROM |
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Acromioclavicular Joint (open pack, closed pack, capsular pattern) |
Open: arm resting by side Closed: arm ABD 90 degrees Capsular: pain at extremes of ROM |
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Muscles that cause shoulder flexion |
Anterior deltoid coracobrachialis pectoralis major biceps brachii |
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Muscles that cause shoulder extension |
latissimus dorsi posterior deltoid teres major |
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Muscles that cause shoulder ABD |
middle deltoid supraspinatus |
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Muscles that cause shoulder ADD |
Pectoralis major latissimus dorsi teres major |
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Muscles that cause shoulder ER |
Teres minor infraspinatus posterior deltoid |
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Muscles that cause shoulder IR |
Subscapularis teres major pectoralis major latissimus dorsi anterior deltoid |
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Muscles that cause scapular elevation |
Upper traps Levator scapulae |
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Muscles that cause scapular depression |
latissimus dorsi pectoralis major pectoralis minor lower traps |
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Muscles that cause scapular protraction |
serratus anterior pectoralis minor |
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Muscles that cause scapular retraction |
Trapezius rhomboids |
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Muscles that cause scapular upward rotation |
trapezius serratus anterior |
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Muscles that cause scapular downward rotation |
rhomboids levator scapulae pectoralis minor |
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Radiohumeral Joint (open pack, closed pack, capsular pattern) |
Open: full extension, supintation Closed: 90 degrees flexion, 5 degrees supination Capsule: flexion, extension, supination, pronation |
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Ulnohumeral Joint (open pack, closed pack, capsular pattern) |
Open: 70 degrees flexion, 10 degrees supination Closed: extension Capsular: flexion, extension |
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proximal radioulnar joint (open pack, closed pack, capsular pattern) |
Open: 70 degrees elbow flexion, 35 degrees supination Closed: 5 degrees supination Capsular: supination, pronation |
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Muscles that cause elbow flexion |
Biceps brachii brachialis brachioradialis |
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Muscles that cause Elbow extension |
triceps brachii anconeus |
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Muscles that cause supination |
biceps brachii supinator |
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Muscles that cause pronation |
pronator teres pronator quadratus |
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Radiocarpal joint (open pack, closed pack, capsular pattern) |
Open: neutral with slight ulnar deviation Closed: extension with radial deviation Capsular: flexion and extension equally limited |
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Muscles that cause wrist flexion |
flexor carpi radialis flexor carpi ulnaris palmaris longus |
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Muscles that cause wrist extension |
Extensor carpi radialis longus extensor carpi radialis brevis extensor carpi ulnaris |
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Muscles that cause radial deviation |
extensor carpi radialis flexor carpi radialis extensor pollicis longus extensor pollicis brevis |
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Muscles that cause ulnar deviation |
extensor carpi ulnaris flexor carpi ulnaris |
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Hip (iliofemoral) joint (open pack, closed pack, capsular pattern) |
Open: 30 degrees flexion, 30 degrees ABD, slight ER Closed: full extension, IR Capsular: flexion, abd, IR (sometimes IR is most limited) |
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Muscles that cause hip flexion |
iliopsoas sartorius rectus femoris pectineus |
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Muscles that cause hip extension |
gluteus maximus gluteus medius semitendinosus semimebranosus biceps femoris |
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Muscles that cause hip ABD |
gluteus medius gluteus minimus piriformis obturator internus tensor fasciae latae |
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Muscles that cause hip ADD |
adductor magnus adductor longus adductor brevis gracilis |
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Muscles that cause hip IR |
TFL gluteus medius gluteus minimus pectineus adductor longus |
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Muscles that cause hip ER |
Gluteus maximus obturator externus obturator internus piriformis gemelli sartorius |
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Knee (tibiofemoral) joint (open pack, closed pack, capsular pattern) |
Open: 25 degrees flexion Closed: full extension, tibial ER Capsular: flexion, extension |
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Muscles that cause knee flexion |
Biceps femoris semitendinosus sartorius semimebranosus |
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Muscles that cause knee extension |
rectus femoris vastus lateralis vastus intermedius vastus medialis |
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Talocrural joint (open pack, closed pack, capsular pattern) |
Open:10 degrees plantar flexion, midway between max inversion/eversion Closed: Max dorsiflexion Capsular: plantar flexion, dorsiflexion |
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Subtalar Joint (open pack, closed pack, capsular pattern) |
Open: midway between extremes of ROM Closed: supination Capsular: Limitation of varus ROM |
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Midtarsal Joint (open pack, closed pack, capsular pattern) |
Open: Midway between extremes of ROM Closed: supination Capsular: dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, adduction, IR |
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Muscles that cause plantar flexion |
tibialis posterior gastrocnemius soleus peroneus longus peroneus brevis plantaris flexor hallucis |
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Muscles that cause dorsiflexion |
Tibialis anterior extensor hallucis longus extensor digitorum longus peroneus tertius |
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Muscles that cause inversion |
tibialis posterior tibialis anterior flexor digitorum longus |
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Muscles that cause eversion |
Peroneus longus peroneus brevis peroneus tertius |
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Cervical spine (open pack, closed pack, capsular pattern) |
Open: midway between flexion/extension Closed: extension Capsular: lateral flexion and rotation equally limited, extension |
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Muscles that cause cervical flexion |
SCM longus colli scalenus muscles |
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Muscles that cause cervical extension |
Splenius cervicis semispinalis cervicis iliocostalis cervicis longissimus cervicis mulifidus trapezius |
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Muscles that cause cervical rotation and lateral flexion |
SCM Scalenus muscles Splenius cervicis Longissimus cervicis Iliocostalis cervicis Levator scapulae multifidus |
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Thoracic Spine (open pack, closed pack, capsular pattern) |
Open: Midway between flexion/extension Closed: extension Capsular: lateral flexion and rotation are equally limited, extension |
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Muscles that cause thoracolumbar flexion |
rectus abdominis Internal oblique external oblique |
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Muscles that cause thoracolumbar extension |
erector spinae quadratus lumborsum multifidus |
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Muscles that cause thoracolumbar rotation and lateral flexion |
posts major quadratus lumborum external oblique internal oblique multifidus longissimus thoracis Iliocostalis thoracis rotatores |
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Muscle Spindle |
In muscle belly. Sends information to CNS about muscle length and/or rate of change of its length Controls posture and with help of gamma system involuntary movements |
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Golgi Tendon Organ |
Encapsulated sensory receptors through which muscle tendons pass immediately beyond their attachment to the muscle fibers. Function to transmit info about tension or rate of change within tension of muscle. |
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Types of Muscular Contractions |
Concentric Eccentric Isometric Isotonic Isokinetic |
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Concentric contractions |
muscle shortens while developing tension |
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Eccentric Contraction |
Muscle lengthens while developing tension |
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Isometric Contraction |
Tension developed but there is no change in the length of the muscle |
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Isotonic Contraction |
The muscle shortens or lengthens while resisting a constant load |
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Isokinetic Contraction |
Tension developed by the muscle, while shortening or lengthening at a constant speed, is maximal over the full ROM |
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Open-chain |
The distal segment (usually the hand or foot) moving freely in space. |
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Closed-chain |
The body moves over a fixed distal segment. |
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Upper Quarter Myotomes |
Cervical Rotation: C1 Shoulder Elevation: C2-C4 Shoulder Abduction: C5 Elbow Flexion: C5-C6 Wrist Extension: C6 Elbow Extension: C7 Wrist Flexion: C7 Thumb Extension: C8 Finger Abduction: T1 |
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Upper Quarter Reflexes |
Biceps: C5 Brachioradialis: C6 Triceps: C7 |
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Upper Quarter Dermatomes |
C2: posterior head C3: Posterior-lateral neck C4: Acromioclavicular jt C5: Lateral Arm C6: Lateral forearm and thumb C7: Palmar distal phalanx-middle finger C8: Littler finger and ulnar border of the hand T1: Medial forearm |
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Heel Walking Functionally tests what innervation level? |
L4-L5 |
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Toe Walking Functionally tests what innervation level? |
S1 |
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SLR Functionally tests what innervation level? |
L4-S1 |
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Lower Quarter Myotomes |
Hip flexion: L1-L2 Knee extension: L3-L4 Ankle Dorsiflexion: L4-L5 Great Toe Extension: L5 Ankle Plantar Flexion: S1 |
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Lower Quarter Reflexes |
Patella tendon: L4 Achilles Tendon: S1 |
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Lower Quarter Dermatomes |
L2: Anterior Thigh L3: Middle 1/3 of anterior thigh L4: Patella and medial malleolus L5: Fibular Head and dorsum of foot S1: Lateral and plantar aspect of foot S2: Medial aspect of posterior thigh S3-S5: Perianal area |
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Where does the plumb line align? |
Slightly post. to coronal suture Thru external auditory meatus Thru axis of the odontoid process Midway thru the tip of the shoulder Thru the bodies of the lumbar vert Slightly posterior to hip jt Slightly anterior to axis of knee jt Slightly anterior to lateral malleolus Thru calcaneocuboid |
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Stance phases of the gait cycle |
Initial contact Loading response Midstance Terminal Stance Per-swing (60% of the gait cycle) |
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Swing phases of the gait cycle |
Initialswing Midswing Terminal swing (40% of the gait cycle) |
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Peak muscle activity during the gait cycle |
Tibialis anterior: just after heel strike, responsible for eccentric lowering of the foot into PF Gastroc-soleus: During late stance, responsible for concentric raising of the heel during toe off Quads: In periods of single support, during early stance and before toe off to initiate swing phase Hamstrings: During late swing phase, responsible for decelerating the unsupported limb |
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How much hip flexion is required for gait? |
0-30 degrees |
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How much hip extension is required for gait? |
0-10 degrees |
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How much knee flexion is required for gait? |
0-60 degrees |
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How much knee extension is required for gait? |
0 degrees |
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How much ankle dorsiflexion is required for gait? |
0-10 degrees |
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How much ankle plantar flexion is required for gait? |
0-20 degrees |
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Cadence |
the number of steps an individual will walk over a period of time. The average adult cadence= 110-120 steps/min |
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Step length |
The distance measured between right heel strike and left heel strike. Average= 28 inches |
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Stride length |
The distance between right heel strike and right heel strike. Average= 56 inches |
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Antalgic Gait |
A protective gait pattern where the involved step length is decreased in order to avoid weight bearing on the involved side usually secondary to pain. |
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Ataxic Gait |
A gait pattern characterized by staggering and unsteadiness. There is usually a wide BOS and movements are exaggerated. |
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Steppage Gait |
A gait pattern in which the feet and toes are lifted through hip and knee flexion to excessive heights; usually secondary to dorsiflexion weakness. The foot will slap at initial contact with the ground secondary to decreased control. |
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Trendelenburg Gait |
A gait pattern that denotes glut med weakness; excessive lateral trunk flexion and weight shifting over the stance leg. |
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Vaulting Gait |
A gait pattern where the swing leg advances by compensating through the combination of elevation of the pelvis and plantar flexion of the stance leg. |
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Normal shoulder flexion ROM |
0-180 |
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Normal shoulder extension ROM |
0-60 |
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Normal shoulder ABDuction ROM |
0-180 |
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Normal shoulder IR ROM |
0-70 |
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Normal shoulder ER ROM |
0-90 |
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Normal elbow extension ROM |
0 |
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Normal Elbow Flexion ROM |
0-150 |
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Normal Pronation ROM |
0-80 |
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Normal Supination ROM |
0-80 |
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Normal Wrist Flexion ROM |
0-80 |
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Normal Wrist Extension ROM |
0-70 |
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Normal Radial Deviation ROM |
0-20 |
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Normal Ulnar Deviation ROM |
0-30 |
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Normal Metacarpophalangeal Flexion ROM |
0-90 |
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Normal Metacarpophalangeal Extension ROM |
0-45 |
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Normal PIP Flexion ROM |
0-100 |
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Normal DIP Flexion ROM |
0-90 |
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Normal DIP Extension ROM |
0-10 |
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1st MCP Flexion ROM |
0-50 |
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1st IP Flexion ROM |
0-80 |
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Normal Hip flexion ROM |
0-120 |
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Normal Hip Extension ROM |
0-30 (20) |
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Normal Hip Abduction ROM |
0-45 |
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Normal Hip Adduction ROM |
0-30 |
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Normal Hip IR ROM |
0-45 |
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Normal Hip ER ROM |
0-45 |
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Normal Knee Flexion ROM |
0-135 |
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Normal Ankle DF ROM |
0-20 |
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Normal Ankle PF ROM |
0-50 |
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Normal Ankle inversion ROM |
0-35 |
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Normal Ankle eversion ROM |
0-15 (20) |
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Normal subtalar inversion ROM |
0-5 (10-12) |
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Normal Subtalar eversion ROM |
0-5 |
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Normal Cervical Spine Flexion ROM |
0-45 |
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Normal Cervical Spine Extension ROM |
0-45 |
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Normal Cervical Spine Lateral Flexion ROM |
0-45 |
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Normal Cervical Spine Rotation ROM |
0-60 |
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Normal Thoracolumbar Spine Flexion ROM |
0-80 |
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Normal Thoracolumbar Spine Extension ROM |
0-25 |
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Normal Thoracolumbar Spine Lateral Flexion ROM |
0-35 |
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Normal Thoracolumbar Spine Rotation ROM |
0-45 |
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Special tests used for: shoulder dislocation |
apprehension test for anterior dislocation |
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Special tests used for: Biceps tendon patho |
speed's test yergason's test |
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Special tests used for: rotator cuff patho/impingement |
Drop arm supraspinatus test |
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Special tests used for: Thoracic outlet syndrome |
ROOS Costoclavicular Hyperabduction Adson |
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Special tests used for: Knee ligamentous instability |
anterior drawer lachman pivot shift posterior drawer valgus stress test varus stress test AMRI test ALRI test |
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Special tests used for: Meniscal Patho |
Apley's compression McMurray's joint line palpation Thesslay |
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Special tests used for: Ankle ligamentous instability |
Anterior drawer for ATFL Talar tilt for calcaneofibularligament |
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Grades for Joint Mobilization |
I: Sm amp at beginning of range II: Lg amp within range, but not reaching III: Lg amp up to limit of range IV: Sm amp at limit of range V: Sm amp high velocity thrust at limit of range |
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Rule for Convex surface moving on concave surface |
Roll and slide occur in opposite direction mob force should be applied in the opposite direction of the bone movement |
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Rule for concave surface moving on convex surface |
Roll and slide occur in same direction mob force should be applied in the same direction as the bone movement |
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Contra's to Joint Mobs (8) |
1. active disease 2. Infection 3. advanced osteoporosis 4. articular hypermobility 5. fracture 6. acute inflammation 7. muscle gaurding 8. joint replacement |
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Effusion |
increased fluid volume within the jt capsule |
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Q angle |
The degree of angulation present when meaning the patella to the ASIS to the tib. tub. Normal: 13 males; 18 females |
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Strain |
injury involving the musculotendinous unit that involves muscle, tendon or their attachment to bone |
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Sprain |
An acute injury involving a ligament |
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Muscles that cause TMJ Depression (3) |
Lateral pterygoid Suprahyoid Infrahyoid |
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Muscles that cause TMJ Elevation (3) |
Temporalis Masseter Medial pterygoig |
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Muscles that cause TMJ Protrusion (3) |
Masseter Lateral and Medial Pterygoid |
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Muscles that cause TMJ Retrussion (3) |
Temporalis Masseter Diagastric |
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Muscles that cause TMJ lateral movements (4) |
medial and lateral pterygoid Masseter Temporalis |
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Class 1 lever |
fulcrum between the effort and resistance load“seesaw” |
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Class 2 lever |
Class 2- the resistance between the fulcrum andeffort force “wheelbarrow” The effort arm is ALWAYS longer than theresistance arm |
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Class 3 Lever |
the effort force is between the fulcrum and theresistance load The effort arm is ALWAYS shorter than theresistance arm. |
