Muscles Of The Thoracic Limb (Dog And Cat)

Front 1

Superficial Pectoral m.

Back 1

Descending: first sternebra --> crest of greater tubercle of humerus
(cranial pectoral n.)

Transverse: first 2-3 sternebrae --> crest of greater tubercle of humerus
(cranial pectoral n.)

Pectoantebrachialis (cat): manubrium --> superficial fascia of proximal antebrachium

[all adduct the limb]

Front 2

Deep Pectoral m.

Back 2

Ascending: ventral sternum --> lesser tubercle of humerus, aponeurosis to greater tubercle of humerus (caudal pectoral n.)

Xiphihumeralis (cat): xiphoid process --> humerus, under insertion of ascending pectoral m.

[all adduct the limb, flex or extend the shoulder depending on position]

Front 3

Cutaneous trunci m.

Back 3

superficial gluteal fascia --> superficial fascia of trunk and neck (lateral thoracic n.)

Front 4

Brachiocephalicus m.

Back 4

Cleidocephalicus:
-cleidomastoideus: clavicular intersection --> mastoid prcoess
-cleidocervicalis: clavicular intersection --> cranial median raphe
(accessory n.) [extend shoulder, draw neck to side]

Cleidobrachialis: clavicular intersection --> dog: distal cranial humerus; cat: medial ulna (ventral branches of cervical spinal nn.) [extend shoulder]

Front 5

Omotransversarius m.

Back 5

wing of atlas --> distal spine of scapula
(accessory n.)
[advance limb, flex neck laterally]

Front 6

Trapezius m.

Back 6

Trapezius cervicis: median raphe of neck --> spine of scapula

Trapezius thoracis: supraspinous ligament to T9 --> spine of scapula

(accessory n.) [elevate and abduct limb]

Front 7

Rhomboideus m.

Back 7

Rhomboideus capitis: nuchal crest of occipital bone --> dorsal border of scaoula

Rhomboideus cervicis: median raphe of neck --> dorsal border of scapula

Rhomboideus thoracis: spinous processes of T1-7 --> dorsal border of scapula

(ventral branches of cervical spinal nn.) [elevate limb, adduct scapula]

Front 8

Latissimus dorsi m.

Back 8

dog: T7-L7; cat: T4-L6 --> teres major tuberosity of humerus
(thoracodorsal n.)
[flex shoulder]

Front 9

Serratus ventralis m.

Back 9

Serratus ventralis cervicis: transverse processes of C2-7 --> serrated face of scapula

Serratus ventralis thoracis: dog: ribs 1-8; cat: ribs 1-10 --> serrated face of scapula

(ventral branches of cervical spinal nn. and long thoracic n.)
[support trunk]

Front 10

Sternocephalicus m.

Back 10

Sternomastoideus: first sternebra --> mastoid process

Sternooccipitalis: first sternebra --> occipital bone

(accessory n.) [draw neck to side]

Front 11

Sternohyoideus and Sternothyroideus mm.

Back 11

Sternohyoideus: first sternebra --> basihyoid bone

Sternothyroideus: first costal cartilage --> thyroid cartilage

(ventral branches of cervical spinal nn.)
[draw tongue and larynx caudally]

Front 12

Deltoideus m.

Back 12

Scapular head: aponeurosis on spine of scapula --> deltoid tuberosity of humerus

Acromion head: acromion --> deltoid tuberosity of humerus

(axillary n.)
[flex shoulder]

Front 13

Infraspinatus m.

Back 13

infraspinous fossa of scapula --> greater tubercle of humerus
(suprascapular n.)
[stabilize shoulder, flex or extend depending on position]

Front 14

Supraspinatus m.

Back 14

supraspinous fossa of scapula --> greater tubercle of humerus
(suprascapular n.)
[stabilize and extend shoulder]

Front 15

Teres minor m.

Back 15

infraglenoid tubercle and distal caudal border of scapula --> teres minor tuberosity of humerus
(axillary n.)
[flex and rotate shoulder laterally]

Front 16

Teres major m.

Back 16

caudal angle and border of scapula --> teres major tuberosity of humerus (axillary n.) [flex and rotate shoulder medially]

Front 17

Subscapularis m.

Back 17

subscapular fossa --> lesser tubercle of humerus
(subscapular n. and axillary n.)
[adduct and extend shoulder, part the is innervated by axillary n. flexes shoulder]

Front 18

Coracobrachialis m.

Back 18

coracoid process of scapula --> crest of lesser tubercle of humerus
(musculocutaneous n.)
[adduct, extend, and stabilize shoulder]

Front 19

Tensor fasci antebrachii m.

Back 19

fascia of latissimus dorsi --> olecranon of ulna
(radial n.)
[extend elbow]

Front 20

Triceps brachii m.

Back 20

Long head: caudal border of scapula --> olecranon [extend elbow and flex shoulder]

Lateral head: tricipital line --> olecranon [extend elbow]

Medial head: crest of lesser tubercle of humerus --> olecranon [extend elbow]

Accessory head: neck of humerus --> olecranon [extend elbow]

(radial n.)

Front 21

Anconeus m.

Back 21

lateral supracondylar crest and both epicodyles --> lateral proximal ulna
(radial n.) [extend elbow]

cats: epitrochleoanconeus, associated with supracondylar foramen

Front 22

Biceps brachii m.

Back 22

supraglenoid tubercle of scapula --> dog: ulnar and radial tuberosities; cat: radial tuberosity only
(musculocutaneous n.) [flex elbow, extend shoulder]

Front 23

Brachialis m.

Back 23

proximal lateral humerus --> dog: ulnar and radial tuberosities; cat: ulnar tuberosity only
(radial n.)
[extend elbow]

Front 24

Extensor carpi radialis m.

Back 24

lateral supracondylar crest --> dorsal proximal metacarpals 2-3
(radial n.)
[extend carpus]

Front 25

Common digital extensor m.

Back 25

lateral epicondyle --> extensor process of distal phalanges 2-5
(radial n.)
[extend carpus and joints of digits 2-5]

Front 26

Lateral digital extensor m.

Back 26

dog: lateral epicondyle; cat: lateral supracondylar ridge --> extensor process of distal and middle phalanges 3-5; cats: 2-5
(radial n.)
[extend carpus and joints of associated digits]

Front 27

Ulnaris lateralis m.

Back 27

lateral epicondyle --> dog: proximal MC5 and accessory carpal; cat: MC5 only
(radial n.)
[antihyperextender of carpus, abduct carpus]

Front 28

Abductor pollicis longus m.

Back 28

lateral ulna --> proximal MC1
(radial n.)
[extend carpus, abduct digit 1]

Front 29

Brachioradialis m.

Back 29

lateral supracondylar crest --> dog: distal radius; cat: styloid process of radius
(radial n.)
[supinate antebrachium]

Front 30

Supinator m.

Back 30

lateral epicondyle --> cranial proximal radius
(radial n.)
[supinate antebrachium]

Front 31

Flexor carpi radialis m.

Back 31

medial epicondyle of humerus, medial radius --> palmar base of MC 2-3
(median n.)
[flex carpus]

Front 32

Superficial digital flexor m.

Back 32

medial epicondyle --> proximal palmar middle phalanges 2-5
(median n.)
[flex carpus and joints of digits 2-5]

Front 33

Deep digital flexor m.

Back 33

Humeral head: medial epicondyle --> palmar distal phalanges 1-5

Radial head: middle medial radius --> palmar distal phalanges 1-5

Ulnar head: proximal caudal ulna --> palmar distal phalanges 1-5

(median n. and ulnar n.)
[flex carpus and joints of digits 1-5]

Front 34

Flexor carpi ulnaris m.

Back 34

Ulnar head: olecranon --> accessory carpal

Humeral head: medial epicondyle --> accessory carpal

(ulnar n.)
[flex carpus]

Front 35

Pronator teres m.

Back 35

medial epicondyle --> medial radius
(median n.)
[pronate antebrachium, flex elbow]

Front 36

Pronator quadratus m.

Back 36

between radius and ulna

(median n.)
[pronate antebrachium]

Front 37

Interossei mm.

Back 37

base of MC2-5 --> base of proximal phalanges, proximal palmar sesamoids
(ulnar n.)
(flex and stabilize metacarpophalangeal joints 2-5]

Front 38

Muscles innervated by accessory n.

Back 38

Cleidocephalicus m.
Omotransversarius m.
Sternocephalicus m.
Trapezius m.

Front 39

Muscles innervated by ventral branches of cervical spinal nn.

Back 39

Cleidobrachialis m.
Sternohyoideus m.
Sternothyroideus m.
Rhomboideus m.
Serratus ventralis m.

Front 40

Nerves of brachial plexus

Back 40

Cranial pectoral n.
Caudal pectoral n.
Thoracodorsal n.
Lateral thoracic n.
Suprascapular n.
Subscapular n.
Musculocutaneous n.
Axillary n.
Radial n.
Median n.
Ulnar n.

Front 41

Muscles innervated by musculocutaneous n.

Back 41

Biceps brachii m.
Brachialis m.
Coracobrachialis m.

Front 42

Muscles innervated by axillary n.

Back 42

Deltoideus m.
Teres minor m.
Teres major m.

Front 43

Muscles innervated by radial n.

Back 43

Triceps brachii m.
Anconeus m.
Tensor fasci antebrachii m.
Extensor carpi radialis m.
Common digital extensor m.
Lateral digital extensor m.
Ulnaris lateralis m.
Abductor pollicis longus m.
Supinator m.
Brachioradialis m.

Front 44

Muscles innervated by median n.

Back 44

Flexor carpi radialis m.
Superficial digital flexor m.
Deep digital flexor m.
Pronator teres m.
Pronator quadratus m.

Front 45

Muscles innervated by ulnar n.

Back 45

Flexor carpi ulnaris m.
Deep digital flexor m.
Interossei mm.

Front 46

Cutaneous areas of musculocutaneous n.

Back 46

medial cutaneous antebrachial n. = AZ

palmar manus (by coursing with median n.) = OZ w/ median and ulnar nn.

Front 47

Cutaneous areas of axillary n.

Back 47

cranial lateral cutaneous brachial n. = AZ

cranial cutaneous antebrachial n. = OZ w/ radial n.

Front 48

Cutaneous areas of radial n.

Back 48

medial br. of superficial br.:
-cranial antebrachium: OZ w/ axillary
-medial manus = AZ

lateral br. of superficial br.:
- craniolateral aspects of antebrachium
- lateral cutaneous antebrachial n. = AZ
- dorsal manus = AZ

Front 49

Cutaneous areas of median n.

Back 49

palmar manus = OZ w/ ulnar and musculocutaneous nn.

Front 50

Cutaneous areas of ulnar n.

Back 50

caudal cutaneous antebrachial n. = AZ

dorsal br. to lateral manus = AZ

palmar br. to palmar manus = OZ w/ median and musculocutaneous nn.