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120 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
In Lincoln's plan for reconstruction, what did a Confederate state need to do to qualify for readmission into the Union
Ten percent of the voting population needed to take an oath of allegiance before forming a new government
What was the goal of the Wade-Davis bill
To guarantee freedmen equal protection before the law
What did former slaves hope to gain from the Reconstruction labor transformation
Land ownership
What did “Sherman land” and the establishment of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands demonstrate to Southerners about Reconstruction
The policies convinced ex-slaves that they would become independent landowners
Why did many slaves travel immediately after gaining freedom
They wanted to reunite with their families
Who opposed President Johnson's reconstruction plan
Republican legislators
What was the shared emphasis of Abraham Lincoln's and Andrew Johnson's reconstruction plans
Ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment
What did President Johnson do after Mississippi's rejection of legislation that outlawed slavery and to South Carolina's refusal to renounce secession
Johnson refused to intervene
What was the purpose of the black codes passed in 1865
To subordinate blacks to whites
How did moderate Republicans and Republican Radicals differ in 1865
Moderates did not actively support black voting rights and the distribution of confiscated lands to the freemen, while Radicals did
How did the Fourteenth Amendment deal with voting rights
It gave Congress the right to reduce an intransigent state’s representation
Who was disappointed in the voting rights provisions in the Fourteenth Amendment
Advocates of female suffrage
According to the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867, what did a state have to do before gaining readmission to Congress
Write a new constitution that guaranteed black suffrage
Andrew Johnson was impeached on what charge
That he violated the Tenure of Office Act
Describe the Fifteenth Amendment.

It extended black male suffrage to the entire nation

What was the real result of the Fifteenth Amendment
It was undermined by literacy and property qualifications in southern states
Who made up the majority of the Republican Party in the South in the late 1800s
African Americans
What types of reforms did the new southern state constitutions mandated by the Reconstruction Acts introduce
Universal male suffrage
What was the result of Republican campaigns for public education in the South during the Reconstruction period
Literacy rates rose sharply across the South
What problem plagued the Republican governments of the Reconstruction South
Corruption
Why did African Americans prefer sharecropping to wage labor
Sharecropping freed blacks from the day-to-day supervision of whites
What happened to most sharecroppers once they borrowed goods on a crop lien
They ended up in a cycle of debt
How did Congress respond to southern Republicans' pleas for federal protection from the racism and violence of the Ku Klux Klan
Congress passed the Ku Klux Klan Act and the Civil Rights Act of 1875
By 1872, many Republican leaders had come to believe that which group offered the best hope for honesty, order, and prosperity in the South
Traditional white leadership
What was the result of the election of 1874
Democrats gained control of the House of Representatives
By the early 1870s, what had happened to the congressional reconstruction goals of 1866
They had been mostly abandoned by Northerners
Who were the Redeemers in the South
Southern Democrats who wanted to restore white supremacy in the South
What was the result of the presidential election of 1876
Samuel Tilden won the popular vote but fell one vote short of victory in the Electoral College
The election controversy ended with the Compromise of 1877; describe the Compromise
Southern Democrats accepted a Republican president in exchange for federal subsidies and the removal of federal troops from the South
What was the result of the Compromise of 1877
The Compromise spelled the end of Reconstruction
Who supported the Wilmot Proviso
Northerners who wanted to reserve new land for white settlers.
Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan proposed the doctrine of popular sovereignty; what did that measure allow
People who settled the territories to decide whether or not they wanted slavery
What did the Whigs do in an attempt to reunite their party during the presidential campaign of 1848
remain silent on the issue of slavery
Which issue in the debate of 1849–1850 led to the Compromise of 1850
The balance of power between the North and the South in Congress
Per the Compromise of 1850, which state entered the union as a free state
California
What was a requirement of the Fugitive Slave Act, part of the Compromise of 1850
All citizens were expected to assist officials in apprehending runaway slaves
Why did Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) influence Northerners' attitudes toward slavery
The novel put forth a stirring moral indictment of slavery
Why did the Whigs lose the election of 1852
They were less successful than the Democrats in bridging differences between Northern and Southern views
Why did the United States negotiate the Gadsden Purchase in 1853
To support the dream of a southern route for the transcontinental railroad
In 1854, why did Stephen A. Douglas sponsor the Kansas-Nebraska Act and include a section repealing the Missouri Compromise
Douglas needed southern support to pass his legislation
What did the federal government do to the Plains Indians who lived in what became Nebraska
The federal government pushed them farther west
How did American politics change in the aftermath of the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act
The Whig Party disintegrated
Why did the American Party, or Know-Nothings, appear in the mid-1850s
a reaction to large numbers of Roman Catholics coming to the United States
What was the common thread that wove together northern men into the Republican Party in 1854
The opposition to the extension of slavery into any territory in the United States
What led to the demise of the Know-Nothing party in the mid-1850s
It endorsed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, alienating northerners.
What did the presidential election of 1856 reveal
The strength of the new Republican Party
What happened when the first territorial legislature in Kansas met
Legislators enacted tough proslavery laws
In the mid-1850s, what was Abraham Lincoln's search for a political home based upon
Opposition to the extension of slavery in the United States
What did Abraham Lincoln personally believe about slavery
Slavery was morally wrong
Who, according to Abraham Lincoln, had the responsibility to stop the spread of slavery
Congress
What did Douglas argue in what became known as the Freeport Doctrine
Settlers could ban slavery by not passing the laws necessary to protect slave property
What was the result of the Lincoln-Douglas debates
Abraham Lincoln became nationally known
What happened when Democrats met to choose a presidential candidate in Charleston, South Carolina
The party divided into southern and northern factions
What made Abraham Lincoln an attractive candidate for the Republican nomination
He represented the crucial state of Illinois
As a result of Southerners feeling so much hostility toward the Republican Party during the presidential election of 1860, what action was taken by 10 states
Ten states refused to allow Lincoln’s name to appear on the ballot
Which was the first state to secede from the Union after Lincoln's election
South Carolina
Who became the president of the new Confederate States of America
Jefferson Davis
Why did the slave states of the Upper South initially reject secession
The Upper South did not have as great a stake in slavery as the states in the Lower South
How did James Buchanan respond as the secession crisis loomed over the final weeks of his presidential administration
Remained in Washington and did nothing
Why did some states in the Upper South opt for secession from the Union
They felt betrayed, believing that Lincoln had promised to achieve a peaceful reunion
How many of the fifteen slave states joined the Confederacy
11
Why did white Southerners from all classes enlist to fight Yankees
They wanted to ensure that blacks remained subordinate to whites
What irony emerges when considering the wartime leadership of Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis
The inexperienced Lincoln proved to be a more adept leader than the seasoned Davis
What disadvantage did the South face when it came to supplying the Confederate armies
It lacked the resources available to the North
What was the significance of the first battle at Manassas (or Bull Run) in July 1861
The Union’s defeat encouraged Lincoln to authorize the enlistment of one million more men for three years
Where did the bloodiest day of the Civil War, September 17, 1862, occur
Antietam Creek, Maryland
Who led the Union forces to victory at the Battle of Shiloh
Ulysses S. Grant
What was the significance of the Battle of Shiloh
The Union victory ruined the Confederacy’s chances to take control of the West
Why did President Lincoln choose not to make the Civil War a struggle over slavery
He doubted his power to tamper with the “domestic institutions” of any state
What did Lincoln consider the biggest obstacle to the acceptance of emancipation in the Union
White fears that freed slaves would disrupt Northern society
How did Abraham Lincoln justify the Emancipation Proclamation
A military necessity
Describe African Americans’ experiences in the Union army
The Union placed blacks in segregated units
Why did the “twenty-Negro law” enrage many white Southerners during the Civil War
It exempted from military service one white man on every plantation with twenty or more slaves
What did Southern clergymen think about the Civil War
They believed God had blessed slavery and the new nation
Aside from leading to the legal destruction of slavery, how did the Civil War itself help destroy slavery in practice
The discipline necessary to keep slavery intact was disrupted
How did Republicans generate the economic power they needed to fight a successful war in the early 1860s
they revolutionized U.S. banking, monetary and tax structures
What was the purpose of the 1862 Homestead Act
The act offered Western land to settlers who would live and labor on it
What was the result of strikes by workers in northern industries during the Civil War
They rarely succeeded.
Who went on to found the Red Cross after serving as a nurse in Union battlefield units during the war
Clara Barton
How did President Lincoln attempt to stifle opposition to the war
Lincoln suppressed free speech
What was the result of the Battle of Vicksburg in July 1863
The Union army’s victory opened up a large portion of the Mississippi River
Which general won the battle of Gettysburg
George G. Meade
After his victory at Chattanooga, Tennessee, in 1864, what action did General Ulysses S. Grant take
He launched a massive military campaign that would take his troops on a sweep through Virginia down to Louisiana
What was General William T. Sherman's strategy for defeating the Confederates in Georgia in 1864
He orchestrated a scorched-earth military campaign aimed at destroying the will of the southern people
Describe the fighting between Generals Grant and Lee in Virginia in May and June of 1864
More union soldiers died, but because Grant had twice as many troops as Lee, his losses were equivalent.
What problem did President Lincoln face during the election of 1864
The Democrats had an excellent chance of winning
When the Civil War ended, how did President Lincoln view his postwar burdens
Feared they would weigh almost as heavily as those of wartime
How did Northerners view the war once it began
As a struggle to preserve the Union
What event marked the official beginning of armed hostilities between the North and South
Confederates firing on Fort Sumter
In 1831, Alexis de Tocqueville observed that the major differences between the North and South revolved around
The southern institution of slavery
After 1820, what caused slavery to become more profitable, which in turn increased the South's political power
Cotton production expanded to the West
By 1860, what percentage of the world's supply of cotton was produced in the southern United States
75%
What was the primary cause of the growth in the southern slave population between 1790 and 1869
Natural reproduction
How did the institution of slavery affect social relations in the South
Whites were unified around race rather than divided by social class
Characterize white Southerners in the antebellum South in relation to slave ownership
Most white Southerners did not own slaves
Historians use the term planter to identify whites who owned at least how many slaves
Twenty
What staple crop was grown almost exclusively along a narrow strip of coast stretching from the Carolinas into Georgia
Rice
How important was agriculture to the economy of the North
It combined with commerce and manufacturing in a mixed economy
Prior to the Civil War, why did the South remain agriculturally based instead of diversifying its economy
Planters made good profits and feared economic change.
What was a consequence of the South's lack of economic diversity
Newly arrived European immigrants tended to settle in the North
How did larger planters have the time to concentrate on marketing and finance while still running a profitable plantation
They hired overseers to go the fields with the slaves
As the price of slaves continued to rise, why did masters begin to treat their slaves marginally better
It was in the master’s best interest to treat his slaves well enough so they could have children
How did slaves manipulate planters' emphasis on paternalism
Slaves sometimes negotiated concessions like small garden plots
What did southern men need in order to achieve high social standing and success in the world of politics
An honorable reputation
Describe the daily lives of southern women on the plantation
They worked long hours performing plantation duties
By 1860, the slave system existed
In almost every industry
The majority of plantation slaves worked as
Field hands
The rarest job on the plantation for slaves was that of driver, what did the driver do
Made sure all slaves worked hard
Why did planters promote Christianity in the slave quarters
They believed Christianity would make slaves more obedient
What did African American Christianity, created by slaves themselves, emphasize
Justice
What happened to most runaway slaves
They were caught and returned
In 1860, the largest number of white Southerners
Were nonslaveholding yeoman farmers
How did yeomen in the plantation belt of the South feel about wealthy planters
They relied on planters to ship and sell their cotton for them
The economy of the upcountry South depended on
Barter
What percentage of nonslaveholding rural white men were landless and very poor
25%
Most free blacks in the antebellum South
Lacked education
The goal of most free blacks in the South was to
Preserve their own freedom
By the 1850s, the political system of the white South
Had extended suffrage to all adult white males
What did the leaders of the Whig and Democratic parties have in common
They declared allegiance to republican equality
Elite Southerners maintained their power over the yeoman majority by
Convincing yeomen of their shared interests