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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Examples of counselor microaggressions |
Constantine, 2008 Locating responsibility primarily on client Minimizing role of race/racism Shifting standards of therapeutic judgement to accommodate negative stereotypes |
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5 stages of Helms' Racial Minority Identity model 1984, 1995 |
1. Preencounter - external self detention, devalues own racial group, allegiance with white standards 2. Encounter - confusion, ambivalence about commitment to own race, repression of anxiety provoking material 3. Immersion/Emersion - realize own race, denigrate all things white, hypervigilant toward racial stimuli 4. Internalization - positive commitment to own race, capacity to respond objectively to white culture, flexible 5. Integrative awareness - capacity to see own multiple roles, collective identities, empathize with social justice issues |
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Models for specific racial and ethnic identities |
Black identity; Cross, 1971 Asian American; Kim, 1981 Latino/Hispanic American identity; Ruiz, 1990 |
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Helms, 1995 6 stages of White Identity Development |
1. Contact - oblivious to racism, colorblind 2. Disintegration - conflicted, believing one is nonracist, yet not wanting child to marry a minority 3. Reintegration - firmer belief in white racial superiority, minorities blamed for their own problems 4. Pseudo independence - beginning understanding of racial, cultural, and sexual orientation differences and interact with minorities 5. Immersion/Emersion - increased willingness to truly confront one's own biases 6. Autonomy - development of strong nonracist white identity |
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What are the levels of acculturation? |
Sue & Sue, 2008 Separation, Integration, Assimilation Marginalization |
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5 forms of nonverbal communication |
Use of silence, eye contact, physical distance, smiling, facial expressiveness |
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4 key problems in assessing multicultural competence |
1. The 3 components of k, s, a have not been validated (Ponterotto et al., 2004) 2. No instrumental supports 3 dimensions 3. Most assessments face valid, open to bias, socially desirable responding, self-efficacy 4. Most are self report 5. Self report Mx of MCC show nearly 0 correlation with actual MC case conceptualization (Constantine & Ladany, 2000) |
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Sue, 2001 broad dimensions of MCC |
Race and culture specific attributes of competence (5 ethnic groups) Components of MCC: A, K, S Foci of cultural competence: societal, organizational, professional, individual |
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What is the correlation between self report MCC and social desirability |
Constantine & Ladany, 2000 .18-.30, may suggest highly influenced by self-presentation bias |
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What did Owen et al., 2011 show about effectiveness of MCC in outcomes |
8.5% of variability in outcomes accounted for by therapist, but MCC did not add to the variance accounted for, different clients range widely in rating the same therapists MCC, conclude that client ratings of MCC more related to client than therapist |
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Who found that minority clients typically prefer a more directive, solution-focused approach |
Zane et al., 2004 |
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Who operationalized the awareness/knowledge/skills paradigm |
Arredondo et al., 1996 |
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What are the stages of cultural competence development for agencies |
Cross et al., 1989 Cultural destructiveness Cultural incapacity Cultural blindness Cultural precompetence Cultural competence Cultural proficiency |
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Model of worldviews presented by Sue, 1987 |
Two orthogonal axes Locus of control - internal v external Locus of responsibility - person v system |
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Breif history of the development of MCCs |
Developed by Sue et al., 1982, 11 competencies originally Updated by Sue, Arredondo & McDavis, 1992 to include 31 Updated by Sue et al., 1998 to include 34 In 2002 APA adopted them as guidelines |
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What did Chang & Berk, 2009 qualitative study show |
MC competence as perceived by clients did not predict satisfaction, but MC incompetence did predict dissatisfaction |
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5 times for counselors of MC clients |
Advocate Change agent Consultant Advisor Facilitator of indigenous support groups |
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Sue & Sue, 2008 9 reccomendations for overcoming intentional racism |
1. Develop cultural self awareness 2. Avoid value imposition 3. Accept your naivete 4. Show cultural empathy 5. Consider cultural variables 6. Do not stereotype 7. Do not victim blame 8. Determine clients cultural worldview 9. Build on clients strengths |
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Sue & Sue, 2008 barriers to MC competence |
1. Focus on individual 2. Verbal/emotional expressiveness 3. Diff. Value on insight 4. Scientific empiricism 5. Distinctions between mental and physical functioning 6. Ambiguity 7. Patterns of communication 8. Language barriers |
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Smith et al., 2006 critique of current MC training |
Lack of sound theoretical basis Lack of emphasis in skill development MCC construct has not been agreed upon |
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Is MC training effective |
Yes, meta analysis of 37 outcome studies showed large effect; Smith et al., 2006 Still some see MC actual link with outcomes to be minimal; Owen, 2011 |
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What variables have been studies that indirectly relate MC to outcomes |
Constantine et al., 2008 Empathy, working alliance, satisfaction with counseling |
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What is the ecological model of MC counseling |
Neville & Mobley, 2001 Individual (values, privilege) Microsystem (family, counseling center, organization) Mesosystem (interaction between exo and micro systems) Exosystem (health care, legal system, education system) Macrosystem (political and economic structure, social values, stereotypes) |
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What are contemporary problems with MCC |
Hansen et al., 2006 Despite belief in its important fee clinicians utilize cultuy sensitive assessment techniques Garb, 1997 Minority clients receive more severe diagnoses |
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MC critiques of EST movement |
Ignores client characteristics (level of acculturation) Ignores counselor characteristics (MC competence) Ignores relationship characteristics (shared language, similar race/ethnicity, compatible racial identity development) |
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Cultural responsiveness has been related to |
Atkinson & Lowe, 1995 Willingness to return to counseling, satisfaction, depth if self-disclosure |
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Helms, 2003 recommendations for MC training |
Reaction paper, journaling, role playing, videotaping, immersion in cc experiences, small group processing |
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What are two reasons Asian Americans may prefer more structured therapy |
Berg & Jaya, 1993 May have lower tolerance for ambiguity Leong & Gupta, 2008 May have deference for authority a d be less emotionally expressive |
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Why may interpersonal therapy be better for African Americans? |
Leong & Gupta, 2008 Adherence to more collectivistic worldview |
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What are some MC biases according to Constantine et al., 2008 |
African American and Latino people more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia Higher SES = lower likelihood of diagnosis False positive occurs when no consideration of MC issues False negative occur when over emphasis on MC issues |
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What is Duel Trajectory LGBT identity model |
Fassinger & Miller, 1996 2 trajectories 1. Increased positive identification with internal sense of same sex attraction 2. Increased identification with LGB reference group |
