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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
style features of the baroque period
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- consistency and regularity in rhythm
- terraced dynamics - ornamentation - basso continuo - polyphonic instrumental music; homophonic vocal music - not a standardized orchestra |
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4 parts of an opera
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overture; recitative; aria; chorus
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overture
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aka sinfonia - instrumental intro to opera; Italian (f/s/f) or French (more prominent; s/fugue/s)
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recitative
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narrative - where the storyline occurs; non-metered; accompanied (w/orch) or secco (w/keyboard and bass, usually cello)
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aria
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most emotional part of an opera; metered; protagonist/s sing solo/duet/etc; most common form is da capo (A B d.c.)
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chorus
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S/A/T/B with orchestra; used for large groups and crowd scenes.
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libretto
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the text of an opera
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types of sacred choral works
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1) oratorio - long, multi-movement work for solo/chorus/orchestra - NOT STAGED
2) cantata - short, multi-movement work for solo/chorus/orchestra based on Lutheran hymn |
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J.S. Bach and his important works
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- music director for St. Thomas in Leipzig for ~30 yrs; had lots of musical freedom
- wrote over 200 cantatas - Orgelbuchlein - Well-tempered clavier - sonatas, partitas, concertos, musical offering, art of the fugue - 200 + cantatas, B minor Mass, 2 passions |
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fugue
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composition using systematic imitative counterpoint
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concerto
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multi-mvt work for solo or group of soloists (concerto grossi, ie the Brandenburg concertos) accompanied by orchestra
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suite
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collection of stylized dances, usually:
- allemande - courante - sarabande - gigue ex: Handel's Royal Fireworks and Water Music |
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Antonio Vivaldi
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the red-headed priest. Worked as music dir of a girls' orphanage, toured w/an all-women's orchestra; wrote the Four Seasons (concerto grossi) and lots of other concertos.
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Enlightenment
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back to nature, return of simplicity; shift from absolutism to independent thinking; more focus on social equality
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transitional composers
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WF Bach; JC Bach; CPE Bach
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Mannheim Orchestra
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revolutionized orchestral performances - led by the Stamitz family
Mannheim Rocket and Mannheim Steamroller |
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style features of the classical period
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- variation and contrast in rhythm
- use of decrescendo and crescendo - invention of pianoforte (~1700) - basso continuo was discontinued - standardized orchestra - all homophonic music - alberti bass - singable melodies - 4-measure phrases |
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forms
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1) Theme and Variations
A A' A'' A'''....usually 4-8 vars 2) Minuet and Trio A/B/A: a://ba://c://dc://aba// Rondo: 5pt: ABACA 7pt: ABACABA sonata-allegro (intro) exposition development recapitulation (coda) |
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how do composers develop an exposition?
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- fragmentation
- inversion - rhythmic changes - modulation - counterpoint (dvpt only) - new material |
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popular types of music in the classical period
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symphony: multi-mvt work for orchestra (usually 4-mvt)
concerto: solo/soloists accompanied by orchestra; usually for violin or piano; cadenzas showcased instrumental virtuosity chamber music: especially string quartets (Haydn); also, sonatas (piano) |
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Franz Joseph Haydn
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1732-1809: "Papa Haydn"
patronage system: with Count Esterhazy for ~30 years jokester (the surprise, farewell, clock symphonies) influenced by Janissary music - Turkish percussionists that were the Sultan's bodyguards wrote 104 symphonies; 82 string qtets; 2 oratorios; 2-3 bad operas |
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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
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1756-1791
child prodigy, flawless manuscripts not a part of patronage system Koechel # (chronological listing of his comps) 25 piano concertos; 41 symphonies; Requiem; 20 operas |
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Mozart's operas
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opera seria: Idomeneo; La clemenza de Tito
opera buffa: Marriage of Figaro; Cosi fan Tutte singspiel: Magic Flute; Abduction at the Seraglio and Don Giovanni (has qualities of all three) |
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Ludwig van Beethoven
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1770-1837
composed at cusp of Romantic period; had huge influence in changing symphonic form: - made symphonies longer; added movements - bigger orchestra size - added instruments (trombone, piccolo) - no pause btwn movements (3rd and 4th mvt of #5) - replaced Minuet and Trio with Scherzo (3rd mvt in #3) - programmatic music (#6, Pastorale) - used a chorus (#9) |
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L: Pergolesi
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La Serva Pedrona, Son imbrogliato io
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L: Scarlatti
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Sonata in D Major
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L: J.C. Bach
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Piano Concerto in Eb Major (1st Mvt)
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L: Haydn
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1) String Quartet Op 33 No 2 (4th mvt)
2) Symphony No. 92 - "Oxford" (1st mvt) |
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L: Mozart
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1) Symphony No. 41 - "Jupiter" (4th mvt)
2) Don Giovanni, Act 1, Scenes 1-2 |
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L: Beethoven
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1) Piano Sonata, Op 13 (1st mvt)
2) Symphony #3 - "Eroica" (1st Mvt) |