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30 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
style features of the baroque period
- consistency and regularity in rhythm
- terraced dynamics
- ornamentation
- basso continuo
- polyphonic instrumental music; homophonic vocal music
- not a standardized orchestra
4 parts of an opera
overture; recitative; aria; chorus
overture
aka sinfonia - instrumental intro to opera; Italian (f/s/f) or French (more prominent; s/fugue/s)
recitative
narrative - where the storyline occurs; non-metered; accompanied (w/orch) or secco (w/keyboard and bass, usually cello)
aria
most emotional part of an opera; metered; protagonist/s sing solo/duet/etc; most common form is da capo (A B d.c.)
chorus
S/A/T/B with orchestra; used for large groups and crowd scenes.
libretto
the text of an opera
types of sacred choral works
1) oratorio - long, multi-movement work for solo/chorus/orchestra - NOT STAGED

2) cantata - short, multi-movement work for solo/chorus/orchestra based on Lutheran hymn
J.S. Bach and his important works
- music director for St. Thomas in Leipzig for ~30 yrs; had lots of musical freedom
- wrote over 200 cantatas
- Orgelbuchlein
- Well-tempered clavier
- sonatas, partitas, concertos, musical offering, art of the fugue
- 200 + cantatas, B minor Mass, 2 passions
fugue
composition using systematic imitative counterpoint
concerto
multi-mvt work for solo or group of soloists (concerto grossi, ie the Brandenburg concertos) accompanied by orchestra
suite
collection of stylized dances, usually:
- allemande
- courante
- sarabande
- gigue

ex: Handel's Royal Fireworks and Water Music
Antonio Vivaldi
the red-headed priest. Worked as music dir of a girls' orphanage, toured w/an all-women's orchestra; wrote the Four Seasons (concerto grossi) and lots of other concertos.
Enlightenment
back to nature, return of simplicity; shift from absolutism to independent thinking; more focus on social equality
transitional composers
WF Bach; JC Bach; CPE Bach
Mannheim Orchestra
revolutionized orchestral performances - led by the Stamitz family

Mannheim Rocket and Mannheim Steamroller
style features of the classical period
- variation and contrast in rhythm
- use of decrescendo and crescendo
- invention of pianoforte (~1700)
- basso continuo was discontinued
- standardized orchestra
- all homophonic music
- alberti bass
- singable melodies
- 4-measure phrases
forms
1) Theme and Variations

A A' A'' A'''....usually 4-8 vars

2) Minuet and Trio

A/B/A:
a://ba://c://dc://aba//

Rondo:
5pt: ABACA
7pt: ABACABA

sonata-allegro

(intro)
exposition
development
recapitulation
(coda)
how do composers develop an exposition?
- fragmentation
- inversion
- rhythmic changes
- modulation
- counterpoint (dvpt only)
- new material
popular types of music in the classical period
symphony: multi-mvt work for orchestra (usually 4-mvt)

concerto: solo/soloists accompanied by orchestra; usually for violin or piano; cadenzas showcased instrumental virtuosity

chamber music: especially string quartets (Haydn); also, sonatas (piano)
Franz Joseph Haydn
1732-1809: "Papa Haydn"

patronage system: with Count Esterhazy for ~30 years

jokester (the surprise, farewell, clock symphonies)

influenced by Janissary music - Turkish percussionists that were the Sultan's bodyguards

wrote 104 symphonies; 82 string qtets; 2 oratorios; 2-3 bad operas
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
1756-1791

child prodigy, flawless manuscripts

not a part of patronage system

Koechel # (chronological listing of his comps)

25 piano concertos; 41 symphonies; Requiem; 20 operas
Mozart's operas
opera seria: Idomeneo; La clemenza de Tito

opera buffa: Marriage of Figaro; Cosi fan Tutte

singspiel: Magic Flute; Abduction at the Seraglio

and Don Giovanni (has qualities of all three)
Ludwig van Beethoven
1770-1837

composed at cusp of Romantic period; had huge influence in changing symphonic form:

- made symphonies longer; added movements
- bigger orchestra size
- added instruments (trombone, piccolo)
- no pause btwn movements (3rd and 4th mvt of #5)
- replaced Minuet and Trio with Scherzo (3rd mvt in #3)
- programmatic music (#6, Pastorale)
- used a chorus (#9)
L: Pergolesi
La Serva Pedrona, Son imbrogliato io
L: Scarlatti
Sonata in D Major
L: J.C. Bach
Piano Concerto in Eb Major (1st Mvt)
L: Haydn
1) String Quartet Op 33 No 2 (4th mvt)

2) Symphony No. 92 - "Oxford" (1st mvt)
L: Mozart
1) Symphony No. 41 - "Jupiter" (4th mvt)

2) Don Giovanni, Act 1, Scenes 1-2
L: Beethoven
1) Piano Sonata, Op 13 (1st mvt)

2) Symphony #3 - "Eroica" (1st Mvt)