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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Small-scale maps vs. large-scale maps |
small-scale: depict larger areas with fewer details large-scale: depict smaller areas with more detail |
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Prime Meridian |
1884: the zero point, passing through Greenwich, England (24 time zones) |
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Cartography |
the art and science of mapmaking |
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Latitude vs Longitude |
Latitude (horizontal)- aka parallels Longitude (vertical)- aka meridians |
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Absolute Location |
Exact spot where coordinates meet (latitude/longitude) |
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Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere Eastern Hemisphere Western Hemisphere |
Northern: north of equator Southern: south of equator Eastern: east from prime meridian Western: west from prime meridian |
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Tropic of Cancer |
the parallel (latitude) 23.5 degrees north of equator |
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Tropic of Capricorn |
the parallel (latitude) 23.5 degrees south of equator |
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Arctic Circle |
parallel (latitude) 66.5 degrees north of equator |
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Antarctic Circle |
parallel (latitude) 66.5 degrees south of equator |
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Vegetation zones (biomes) |
forests, grasslands, deserts, tundra |
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Climate zones |
tropical, dry, temperate, continental, polar --> climate is the long-term average weather conditions of a place |
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Coral Reefs |
-formed by tiny tube-shaped polyps -animal life in tough limestone skeletons -grows by branching out shoots of polyps 3 types of coral reefs 1. fringing reefs: surround "fringe" and island 2. barrier reefs: reef becomes barrier around island (water between island and reef is lagoon) 3. Atolls: sinking island goes under, coral reef around lagoon |
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Orogeny |
Orogeny: as plates collide, they push up the crust to form mountains 3 types: 1. 2 continental plates: if crust buckles and folds, folded mountains (Appalachians, alps, himalayas) 2. Subduction: denser oceanic plate goes under continental plate and folds margin of continent (Andes) 3. Oceanic under oceanic plate, volcanic mountains formed (Japan, Philippines). |
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Carrying Capacity |
maximun, sustained level of use an environment can incur without significant deterioration |
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Geomorphology (physiography) |
the study of landforms and relationships of structures (and how they change) |
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Bodies of water |
Oceans: 71% of earth's surface Seas: partially surrounded by land (salt-water) Lakes: in depression on earth's surface Rivers: channeled flow of water Canals: artificial waterways constructed by humans (Panama, Suez) |
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Types of Landforms |
Mountains: steep from earth's surface (at least 1000-2000 feet above sea level) Hills: rise 500-2000 feet above sea level Foothills: low series of hills between plain and mountain Valleys: long depression between hills or mountains Plateaus: elevated, flat on top, usually next to mountains (up to 10,000 feet above sea level) Mesas: smaller than plateaus in arid/semi-arid areas |
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Deltas |
accumulations of silt deposited at river mouths into the seabed that become fertile crop-growing areas |
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Marshes vs. Swamps |
Marsh: no trees, always wet from floods/poor drainage Swamp: have trees and dry periods *both wet lowlands |
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Taiga vs. Tundra |
Taiga: colder winters, hotter summer, farther from arctic Tundra: marshy plain, very cold, little snow *both: many plants+animals, few humans because of harsh climates |
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Humid continental climate |
4 seasons, US/Canada,Russia |
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Prairie Climates |
(steppe regions) dry flatlands-grasslands or deserts |
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Subtropical climates |
very humid areas |
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Marine climate |
near or surrounded by water, moisture, mild temperatures year around, lots of rain |
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Commodities |
natural resources that have to be extracted and purified (vs. created) e.g. mineral ores |
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Copernicus's heliocentric view of the universe |
positions sun as center of universe |
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Leeuwenhoek |
used magnified glasses to become first person to observe single-celled organisms. |
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Linnaeus |
created method to classify plants and animals--Linnaean taxonomy |
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Gregor Mendel |
experimented with pea plants to observe occurrence of inherited traits -- "father of genetics" |
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Barbara McClintock |
first genetic map for maize and able to demonstrate basic genetic principles...such as recombination as exchange for chromosomal information |
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regression analysis |
method of analyzing sets of data and sets of variables that involves studying how the typical value of the dependent variable changes when any one of the independent variables is varies and other independent variable is fixed |
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minerals |
naturally occurring, inorganic solids definite chemical compound composition orderly internal crystal structure |
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sedimentary rocks |
formed by the process of lithification (compaction). |
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igneous rocks |
from magma (molten material from beneath earths surface intrusive type: cools slowly e.g. granite near surface: extrusive, cools quickly |
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metamorphic rocks |
changed by great heat and pressure |
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parts of earth |
crust- crust & solid part of upper mantle form lithosphere (rocky) mantle- lower/upper layers core- solid inner portion |
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biomes/ecosystems (8 total) associated with latitude |
high latitude: least sunlight : tundra, taiga mid latitude: grassland, temperate, forest, chaparral latitude closest to equator: warmest- desert, tropical rain forest 8th biom is ocean |
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tilt of earth's axis |
causes seasons affects temperature because it affects amount of sun the area receives hemisphere tilted toward sun is in summertime; fall/spring between two extremes |
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water cycle |
three states of water: liquid, frozen, vapor precipitation: water falls to surface canopy interception: precipitation lands on plants snowmelt: runoff from snow infiltration: water flows from surface into ground evaporation: liquid-->gas sublimation: solid --> water vapor (without changing to liquid) advection: movement of water through the atmosphere condensation: water vapor--> liquid water transpiration: water vapor released from plants into air |
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Mercury |
closest to the sun; smallest no satellites, atmosphere |
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venus |
second from sun; bright, similar size to earth; lighting/thunder |
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mars |
4th planet from sun; reddish due to iron oxide; seasonal cycles |
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jupiter |
5th from sun, largest planet |
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saturn |
6th from sun; second largest; core of rock/ice |
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neptune |
8th from sun; 12 moons |
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eukaryotic cells |
- have nucleus; more complex - DNA in chromosones in the nucleus |
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plant vs. animal cells |
- both eukaryotic - plant: cell wall that can handle high pressure & chloroplasts (photosynthesis) converts sun into food; larger cells |
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mitochondria |
produce energy from food in animal cells rod shaped organelles site of cellular respiration provides energy for cellular activities |
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cell cycle |
process by which a cell reproduces cell growth, duplication, cell division cells can reproduce though meiosis and mitosis mitosis - daughter cell is exact replicate (cell splits into two) - cell prepares for divison meiosis - duaghter cell has different genetic coding |
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Cuvier |
fossil records to compare anatomies of extinct species |
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Lamarck |
believed evolution and thought it was a natural occurrence influenced by the environment theory of evolution by inheritance of acquired characteristics |
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Darwin |
natural selection |
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Lyell |
geographical uniformitarianism |
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Wallace |
independentally developed theory of evolution by natural selection believed in transmutation of species (one species develops into another) |
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skeletal system |
bones/joints; provides support to body through rigid structure; protection to internal organs |
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muscular system |
muscles; allows body to move and respond to environment |
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digestive system |
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, anal canal, teeth, salivary glands, tongue, liver , gallbladder, pancreas, appendix |
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biome |
an area in which species are associated because of climate |
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ecology |
study of plants, animals, their environments, and how they interact |
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ecosystem |
community of species and all of the environment factors that affect them |
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atom |
all matter consists of atoms; one of the most basic units of matter central nucleus surrounded by electrons (negative charge) nucleus: protons (determines atomic number) and neutrons (uncharged) |
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endothermic vs. exothermic |
endo- absorb heat exo- give off heat |
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acids and bases |
acid- lower pH=higher H+ concentration base -higher pH= lower H+ concentration |
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kinetic theory of gases |
assumes that gas molecules are small compared to distance between thm and they are in constant random motion as temp of gas increases, so does kinetic energy |
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charle's law |
gases expand when they are heated (law of volumes) |
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thermodynamics |
studies conversion of energy into work and heat. variables such as temperature, volume, and pressure. |
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newtons first law |
object will remain at rest unless acted upon by an external force objects inertia directly related to mass more intertia--> more mass |
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newton's second law |
objects acceleration in directly proportion to the net force acting on the object and inversely proportional to the objects mass (F=ma) |
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newtons third law |
for every force, there is an equal and opposite force |
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potential vs. kinetic energy |
potential: amount of energy stores in object because of position/orientation (gravity) kinetic: evergy of object in motion |
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Work: amount of energy expended in accomplishing some goal |
W=Fd |
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chemical bonding of cells |
most often occurs : transfer or sharing of outermost electrons (covalent; ionic) |
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salt in water |
volume of water does not increase, mass does...salt fits between water molecules |
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solar eclipse |
sun mood earth aligned |
