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210 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Characteristics of Living Things
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-composed of one or more cells
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Cell
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basic structural and functional unit of all living things (named after rooms in monasteries)
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Cell membranes contain...
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genetic material, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, salts, and other substances - (organic compounds b/c they all contain carbon)
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Compounds
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composed of molecules
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Molecules
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smallest particles of a substance that retain chemical/physical properties and has two or more atoms
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Macromolecules
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molecules that form living organisms - contain thousands of elements connected by chemical bonds
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Macromolecule types:
Carbohydrates |
store and transport energy; provide structural support
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Macromolecule types:
Lipids (or fats) |
store energy; formed by carbon and hydrogen; do not dissolve in water
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Macromolecule types:
Proteins |
essential component of living cell; include enzymes, hormones and antibodies; essential for growth and repair of tissue
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Macromolecule types:
Nucleic Acids |
store genetic materials that leads to replication or organism; store hereditary info
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Tissue
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series of cells that complete a shared function; can form organs
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Organ
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fully differentiated structural/functional unit that serves special function
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Organ System
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organs that work together to accomplish complex series of tasks (e.g., circulatory, digestive systems...)
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Prokaryote cells
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unicellular; contain cytoplasm and membrane; lack organelles; have no nucleus; example: bacteria
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Eukaryote cells
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contain organelles, membrane, and chromosomal proteins; examples: paramecia, skin tissue, organs
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Organelle
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differentiated structure within cell that performs specific function, e.g., nucleus, chromosomes, ribosomes, membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, etc., etc.
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Nucleus
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Brain of cell; contains DNA
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Nuclear Membrane
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membrane that surrounds nucleus
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Chromosomes
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site of genetic information; contains DNA
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Ribosomes
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house the machinery for cell function; inside nucleus
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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highway of networks of cell tissue
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Cell membrane
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walls the entire animal cell; regulates entry/exit of substances
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Cell Wall
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walls the entire plant cell; stronger than cell membrane; regulates entry/exit of substances
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Cytoskeleton
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"internal framework" of cell; organizes structures in the cell
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Cytoplasm
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"gelatin" inside cell; protects organelles
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Golgi Apparati
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"ships" goods from ER to rest of cell
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Chloroplasts
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site of photosynthesis in plant cells; trap sunlight
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Mitochondria
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chemical powerhouse of cell; site of cellular respiration
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Lysosomes
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"waste disposal" sacs of the cell
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Vacuoles
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"containers" in animal cells for water and organic substances
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Central Vacuole
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large "holding container" in plant cells for water; helps maintain turgor pressure
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Centriole
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form spindle fibers to separate chromosomes during cell division
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Plant Cell (PC) vs. Animal Cell (AC)
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PC: cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole. AC: cell membrane, several vacuoles; centriole
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Types of Tissues:
Epithelial |
line areas of body and surround organs keeping them separate from other organs; e.g., outer layer of skin, tissue that surrounds organs
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Types of Tissues:
Connective |
add support and structure to the body; e.g., inner layers of skin, tendons, bone, fat, blood
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Types of Tissues:
Muscle |
can contract; composed of two proteins that allow movement
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Types of Tissues:
Nerve |
two types of cells - neuron and glial; create and conduct electrical signals managed by brain and transmitted via spinal cord
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Blood
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specialized fluid that delivers nutrient to cells and transports waste from cells; composed of four types of cells
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Cell type in Blood:
red blood cells |
most numerous; manufactured in marrow; deliver oxygen from lungs to body tissues via circulatory system
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Cell type in Blood:
white blood cells |
immune system; manufactured in marrow; fight diseases; # is indicator of infection
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Cell type in Blood:
platelets |
produced in marrow; release growth factors and aid in clotting
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Cell type in Blood:
Plasma |
contain salts and various proteins
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Antigen
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foreign substances located on surface of red blood cells
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Antibodies
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proteins produced in response to specific antigens; produced by lymphatic organ system; located in blood plasma; help immune system
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Blood types
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A - carries A antigen; B - carries B antigen; AB - carries A & B antigens; O - carries no antigens (universal donor)
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Cell type in Blood:
platelets |
produced in marrow; release growth factors and aid in clotting
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Cell type in Blood:
Plasma |
contain salts and various proteins
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Antigen
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foreign substances located on surface of red blood cells
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Antibodies
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proteins produced in response to specific antigens; produced by lymphatic organ system; located in blood plasma; help immune system
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Blood types
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A - carries A antigen; B - carries B antigen; AB - carries A & B antigens; O - carries no antigens (universal donor)
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Rh antigen
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presence (or lack of) is a characteristic of blood type;
+ or - |
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Organ System
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Two or more organs working together
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Skeletal System
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bones/cartilage/tendons/ligaments; provides support, protects organs, provides sites to which organs attach
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Integumentary System
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skin, hair, nails, sweat glands; provides protection for tissues, excretes waste, regulates temp; largest system
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Muscular System
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muscles; provides movement, controls movement of matter through organs
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Circulatory System
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heart, blood vessels, blood (?); transports nutrients, gases, hormones and waste
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Nervous System
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brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves; relays electrical signals through body, directs behavior and movement
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Respiratory System
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nose, trachea, lungs; provides gas exchange between blood and environment
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Digestive System
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mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines; breaks down and absorbs nutrients for growth and maintenance
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Excretory System
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kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra; filters out waste, toxins and excess water or nutrients
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Endocrine System
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pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, etc.; relays chemical info along with nervous system to control physiological processes
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Reproductive System
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manufacture cells that allow reproduction, i.e., sperm and eggs
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Lymphatic/Immune System
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lymph, lymph nodes and vessels, etc.; destroys microbes and viruses and removes fat and excess fluids from blood
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Unique to all living things
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metabolism, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, ecology and evolution
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Metabolism
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living things exchange chemical matter with external environs & transform organic matter within cells resulting in release/use of energy
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Responsiveness
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living things respond to stimuli such as light, heat, sound, etc.
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Growth
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living things take in and organize material from environment into its own structures
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Reproduction
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living thing can produce a copy of itself via reproduction; asexual (bacteria) and sexual (two parents to create offspring)
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Heredity
(Gregor Mendel and the pea plants) |
set of characteristics an organism receives from its parents
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Traits
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a characteristic that distinguishes one individual organism from another
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Hybrids (heredity)
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organisms with certain traits crossed with organisms with other traits
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Allele
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different forms of a gene
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Dominant
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expressed allele in hybrid
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Recessive
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unexpressed allele in hybrid
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Phenotype
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Traits an organism displays
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Genotype
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genetic composition of alleles
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Mendel's Principles
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Individual genes determine biological characteristics; for each gene, an organism receives on allele from one parent and one from the other; one allele may be dominant over another
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Ecology (what makes living things unique)
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living thing is influenced by environment AND can alter its surroundings
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Evolution (what makes living things unique)
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living thing can adapt to changes in environment; majority of time: organism develops abilities to deal more effectively with environment
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Darwin
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credited with conceptualization of diversity of life, adaptation, natural selection, and survival of the fittest
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Adaptation (Darwin)
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organisms possess traits that enable them to survive
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Fitness (Darwin)
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ability of an organism to pass on traits to offspring successfully
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Natural Selection (Darwin)
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only the fittest organisms survive and continue to exist in nature
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Kingdoms of Living Things
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Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
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Adaptation (Darwin)
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organisms possess traits that enable them to survive
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Fitness (Darwin)
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ability of an organism to pass on traits to offspring successfully
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Natural Selection (Darwin)
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only the fittest organisms survive and continue to exist in nature
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Kingdoms of Living Things
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Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
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Carolus Linnaeus
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developed taxonomic classification to organize living things in mid 1700s;
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binomial nomenclature
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two-name system to identify an organism by listing genus and species
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Virus
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not in any kingdom; not considered living; can't reproduce without a living host
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All plants need...
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water, nutrients (especially nitrogen) from soil, carbon dioxide, and sunlight
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Plants manufacture _____ and _____ through photosynthesis.
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oxygen; sugar
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Three Groups of Plants (according to life cycle)
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Annual (completes entire life cycle in one full year), Biennial (takes about two years to complete cycle), Perennial (lives more than 3 years)
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Photosynthesis
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process of converting light energy to chemical energy; occurs in plants and algae; takes place in leaves (chloroplasts)
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Light Reaction (photosynthesis)
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light energy converted to chemical energy
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Dark Reaction (photosynthesis)
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converts CO2 and water into sugar, stored as starch
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Respiration
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enables animals to use oxygen to release carbon dioxide into the environment, which is then used by plants for photosynthesis
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Mutualism
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two organisms interact to benefit of both
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Commensalism
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one organism benefits, other is unharmed (barnacles)
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Parasitism
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one benefits at expense of other (tapeworm)
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Amensalism
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one is destroyed, other is unaffected (animals trample grass, grass dies)
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Biome
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geographical area that contains distinctive plant and animal groups adapted to that environment (determined by geography and climate)
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Ecosystem
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living community that is composed of complex relationships between each member and environment
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Habitat
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areas or environments where an organism lives
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Food chain/Food web
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Living part of an ecosystem; plants at beginning of chain (producers); Consumers eat plants and other organisms
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Carnivores
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eat only animals (sharks, numerous mammals)
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Herbivores
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eat plants (rodents, deer, cattle)
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Omnivores
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eat both plants and animals (humans)
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Decomposers
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feed off dead plants and animals (fungi and bacteria)
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Simple life cycle
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Before/At birth...Infancy (youth)...Adult
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Complex life cycle
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Includes metamorphosis
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Metamorphosis
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biological process during which an animal progresses through several distinctive changes in body structure (butterfly)
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Life Cycle of Butterfly
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Eggs, Caterpillar, Pupa or Chrysalis, Adult emerging from Chrysalis, Butterfly
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Life Cycle of Amphibian
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Egg, Tadpole with external gills, Legs appear then forelimbs, Frog
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Molting
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periodic shedding of all or part of outer covering (i.e., skin, shell, feathers, exoskeleton, etc.)
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Matter
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Physical material that occupies space and has mass
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Mass
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measure of the amount of material in an object (think: astronaut in space still has mass)
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Weight
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Force that mass exerts as a result of gravity (think: astronaut in space is weightless)
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Newton's Law of Gravity
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there is an attractive force between all masses
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Volume
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three-dimensional space occupied by matter; expressed as meter-cubed (m to the 3rd power)
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Density
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amount of mass in a unit volume of a substance; density = mass over volume (think: lead has higher density than a feather)
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Solids
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Definite volume and shape; cannot be compressed
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Liquids
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Distinct volume, takes shape of container; cannot be compressed
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Gas
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No distinct volume and shape; volume conforms to container; can be compressed and expanded
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Plasma
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like a gas, but can conduct electricity (lightning); volume and shape conform to container
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Pure substances
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Cannot be broken down by chemical or physical means (anything on periodic table, water, table salt, etc.)
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Physical Properties
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Can be measured without changing the substance: taste, odor, density, color, melting and boiling points, hardness
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Chemical Properties
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How substance will interact with other substances: flammability, radioactivity, sensitivity to light, oxidation, toxicity
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Physical Change
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Substance changes physical appearance but not identity (ice to water, water to vapor)
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Chemical Change
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Substance changes to another substance (logs burnt in a fireplace, egg cooked, car rusts; photosynthesis, respiration, digestion)
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Mixture
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combination of two or more substances in which eat retains identity (oil & water, sand & water, concrete)
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Elements
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Cannot be decomposed into simpler substances; Mendeleev first created Periodic Table of Elements
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Compounds
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Composed of two or more elements that are chemically combined
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Atomic Theory (Dalton)
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1) each element composed of atoms; 2) all atoms of one element are identical; 3) atoms of different elements have diff properties; 4) atoms are neither created nor destroyed; 5) atoms can combine to form compounds; 6) in any compound, number and kind of atoms are constant
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Law of Conservation of Matter or Mass
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matter cannot be created or destroyed
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Law of Constant Composition
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the composition of a substance is alway the same (molecule of water will always have two atoms hydrogen, one atom oxygen)
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Law of Multiple Proportions
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the masses of one element combined with another element are always whole numbers
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Law of Conservation of Energy
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energy cannot be created or destroyed (amount of energy required to light up a bulb is equal to amount of energy emitted by the light bulb)
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Atom
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Protons (positive charge) and Neutrons (no charge) in the nucleus; Electrons (negative charge)
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Molecule
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Combination of two or more tightly bound atoms; acts as a singular object
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Energy
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Capacity of a physical system to perform work; can be transferred as heat (forms: heat, sound, chemical, nuclear, light, mechanical, electrical, electromagnetic)
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Potential Energy
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energy that is stored in matter (object in rubber band pulled back in slingshot -- energy is potential; kinetic after object leaves band)
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Kinetic Energy
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energy contained in a moving mass
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Conduction (transfer of heat energy)
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atoms and molecules collide to transfer kinetic energy (atomic and molecular level)
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Convection (transfer of heat energy)
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heat moves from hot region to cold, but involves large amt of matter, thus macroscopic (heating water)
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Radiation (transfer of heat energy)
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light energy in form of heat transferred from sun to earth; moves in electromagnetic waves
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Waves (electromagnetic)
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specific properties; each color on spectrum has specific wavelength and emits specific amt of energy
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Motion
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any spatial and/or temporal change in a physical system; described in terms of velocity, acceleration, displacement and time
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Vector
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quantity that has size and direction; symbolized by arrow
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Velocity
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rate of change of an object
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Acceleration
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change in velocity over time
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Displacement
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distance from the point at which the object is at rest to the end point of motion
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Time
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denotes sequence of, duration of, and intervals between events
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Sir Isaac Newton
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laws of motion
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First Law of Motion
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object at rest remains stationary and object in motion moves at same speed unless acted on by unbalanced force
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Inertia
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tendency of an object to resist change in motion
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Second Law of Motion
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when a force is placed on an object, it will accelerate in the direction of the force; acceleration is proportion to force applied
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Third Law of Motion
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every action has an equal and opposite reaction (recoil of gun)
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Lever
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bar that rotates around a fixed point called a fulcrum (three classes depend on location of fulcrum and input/output forces) (1st: seesaw, 2nd: nail clippers, 3rd: baseball bat)
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Wheel and Axle
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large wheel secured to smaller wheel or axle; when one part turns, other part turns
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Pulley
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Grooved wheel turns freely in a frame called a block; can change direction of a force and gain mechanical advantage
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Inclined Plane
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Even surface that slopes (ramp, ladder, stairs); remains stationary
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Wedge
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Modification of inclined plane; used to separate or hold something; can move (scissor blades)
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Screw
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Modified version of inclined plane
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Compound/Complex Machines
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combinations of simple machines (wheelbarrow: wheel and axle and lever; can opener: wheel, lever, wedge)
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Time for Earth to Orbit Sun
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approx. 365 days
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Time for Earth to rotate on its axis
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approx 24 hours
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Distance between Earth and Sun
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93 million miles
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Coldest temp on Earth
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-128.5 degrees F (Antarctica - 1983)
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Highest temp on Earth
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136.4 degrees F (Libya - 1922)
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Major components of breathable air
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Nitrogen (78.08%); Oxygen (20.94%)
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Moon orbits Earth in...
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approx. 28 days (month)
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Earth is...
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wider at the equator than from the North to South Pole
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Solar eclipse
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moon travels between Sun and Earth during middle of day and blocks Sun's light from Earth
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Lunar Eclipse
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Moon moves into Earth's shadow during the night and blocks the moon from the Earth (from the sun's rays, no?)
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Physical Earth
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inner core, outer core, mantle, upper mantle, crust
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Inner core
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solid -- contains nickel
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Outer core
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liquid - contains lead (two times as thick as inner core)
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Mantle
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below crust; flexible; upper composed or rock; lower is hot and plastic-like (?)
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Crust
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outermost surface; two types -- continental and oceanic
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Lithosphere
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layer that includes crust and part of upper mantle; site of volcanoes, earthquakes, continental drifts, etc.
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Tectonic Plates
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100 k thick; continental and oceanic crust; convection (heat energy) causes plates to move constantly in diff directions; 8 major ones and many minor
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Boundaries
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where tectonic plates meet; most active volcanoes located there
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Relief
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difference in elevation between two points
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Igneous Rocks
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formed by molten rock
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Sedimentary Rock
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formed by rocks and minerals resulting from chemical and physical breakdown of pre-existing rocks; e.g., quartz, shale, limestone
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Metamorphic Rock
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changed into another kind of rock (usually by heat or pressure); e.g., marble
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Properties of Rock
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hardness, luster, density, cleavage, fracture, twinning, transparency, color, special light effects, streak
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Water Cycle
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Accumulation, Evaporation/Transpiration, Condensation, Precipitation, and Run-Off
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Transpiration
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water is absorbed through roots of plants, moves to leaves, and evaporates into atmopshere
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Weather -- factors that impact
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latitude, altitude, prevailing winds, distance from sea, ocean currents, Earth's tilt, mountains, people
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Splash Erosion (exogenous process modifying Earth)
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rain splashes down and knocks soil particles into air
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Sheet Erosion (exogenous process modifying Earth)
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particles unearthed via splashing move downhill to cause sheet-flooding
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Ice as Erosive Force
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Powerful erosive force; water under glacier freezes and breaks off pieces of rock
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Waves as Erosive Forces
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seriously erode rocks along the coastline
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Ocean Waves
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characterized by height, length, period, and speed; carry energy across vast distances
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Tides
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created by pull of gravitational force; fluctuate daily as moon, Earth and Sun interact; pull of Earth's side closest to moon pulls ocean water and creates bulge
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Empiricism
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use of evidence that is based on the senses and can be replicated, critiqued, and experienced by other scientists
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Rationalism
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use of logical reasoning; not instinctive or intuitive
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Skepticism
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persistent interrogation of beliefs and conclusions
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Scientific Inquiry
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asking questions, gathering evidence, considering alternative explanations, weighing evidence, drawing and articulating conclusions
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Themes of Scientific Discovery
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tension between science/govt/religion have existed since beginning of time; war/warfare promote advances in tech/engineering; scientific thinking enhances communication and further discovery; discoveries about nature/evolution/body have led to engineering breakthroughs that pervade all aspects of life; interdisciplinary nature of scientific discovery
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Questioning (scientific inquiry)
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Process of posing factual, analytical, evaluative questions that seek to inquire about events in the natural world
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Observation (scientific inquiry)
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process of using all senses and tech to gather info
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Hypothesizing (scientific inquiry)
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process of posing educated guess or possible theory or statement
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Variable (scientific inquiry)
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Dependent: NOT under our control; Independent: IS under our control, we manipulate in order to see what happens
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Descriptive Clarity
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What is known about how this study was conducted?
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Data Quality
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Are data sources legitimate, credible and rational?
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Analytic Integrity
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Are findings credible, replicable, and trustworthy?
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