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83 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What do all connective tissues (e.g., cartilage and bone) consist of?
- Cells (e.g., chondrocytes)
- ECM (fibers and ground substance)
What happens to the cells of cartilage in the connective tissue?
Chondrocytes become trapped within abundant ECM secretions
What part of cartilage makes it firm and pliable?
ECM
What are the three types of cartilage?
- Hyaline
- Elastic
- Fibrocartilage
What kind of cartilage is shown in this specimen?
What kind of cartilage is shown in this specimen?
Hyaline cartilage (dark purple-stained portion)
Hyaline cartilage (dark purple-stained portion)
What is the pink-staining supporting tissue along the periphery of the hyaline cartilage (dark purple)?
What is the pink-staining supporting tissue along the periphery of the hyaline cartilage (dark purple)?
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
What are the fibroblast-like, spindle-shaped cells within the perichondrium? What is their function?
What are the fibroblast-like, spindle-shaped cells within the perichondrium? What is their function?
Chondrogenic Cells - when cartilage is actively growing, these cells gradually enlarge to become Chondroblasts (which secrete ECM)
Chondrogenic Cells - when cartilage is actively growing, these cells gradually enlarge to become Chondroblasts (which secrete ECM)
What is the function of Chondroblasts (mature Chondrogenic Cells)? Terminology?
What is the function of Chondroblasts (mature Chondrogenic Cells)? Terminology?
- Maintain integrity of cartilaginous matrix by synthesizing and secreting ECM components (Collagen, Elastic Fibers, Ground Substance)
- Called Chondrocytes when they are surrounded by ECM
Which organelles are prominent in Chondrocytes?
- Round Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Golgi Apparatus
The process of cartilage growth at its periphery by mitotic division of Chondrogenic Cells and subsequent production of ECM by Chondroblasts is called what?
The process of cartilage growth at its periphery by mitotic division of Chondrogenic Cells and subsequent production of ECM by Chondroblasts is called what?
Appositional Growth
Appositional Growth
What is the appearance of hyaline cartilage? Why?
Homogenous - because Type II collagen fibrils in matrix are small
Homogenous - because Type II collagen fibrils in matrix are small
What are two components of the ground substance in hyaline cartilage?
What are two components of the ground substance in hyaline cartilage?
- Proteoglycans
- Glycoproteins
Are there blood vessels or nerves in cartilage?
No
What is the name of the compartments / cavities that are occupied by chondrocytes?
What is the name of the compartments / cavities that are occupied by chondrocytes?
Lacunae
Lacunae
Chondrocytes are capable of mitosis and yield small clones called what?
Cell Nests (up to 8 cells) = isogenous aggregates
Cell Nests (up to 8 cells) = isogenous aggregates
What happens in the cell nests?
What happens in the cell nests?
- Cells are originally close together
- Differentiate and secrete ECM around the cells
- Cells become separated into lacunae
How many chondrocytes are there in a lacuna?
How many chondrocytes are there in a lacuna?
Usually only one chondrocyte / lacuna (although it is possible to have 2/lacuna)
Usually only one chondrocyte / lacuna (although it is possible to have 2/lacuna)
Cartilage growth from within by mitosis of chondrocytes is called what?
Interstitial Growth
What is the ECM directly surrounding the chondrocytes called? As opposed to the ECM further from the chondrocytes?
- Directly = Territorial Matrix (may surround only one lacuna or a group of lacunae that were from same cell nest)
- Further = Inter-Territorial Matrix
Which type of ECM surrounding chondrocytes is more basophilic?
ECM directly surrounding chondrocytes (Territorial Matrix)
Why is the ECM directly surrounding the chondrocytes more basophilic than the ECM further from the chondrocytes?
- Territorial Matrix is poor in collagen and has a greater concentration of newly synthesized proteoglycans
- Sulfated proteoglycans are negatively charged (=basophilic)
What type of cartilage (pink stain) is this? What is pointed at by the arrow?
What type of cartilage (pink stain) is this? What is pointed at by the arrow?
Elastic Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
What is A?
What is A?
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
What is B?
What is B?
Chondrocytes
Chondrocytes
What is C?
What is C?
Lacunae
Lacunae
What is D?
What is D?
Cell Nests
Cell Nests
What is the appearance of elastic cartilage? Why?
What is the appearance of elastic cartilage? Why?
Heterogenous - pink, stringy appearance of ECM d/t presence of elastic fibers that do not stain well
Heterogenous - pink, stringy appearance of ECM d/t presence of elastic fibers that do not stain well
What is shown in this slide?
What is shown in this slide?
- Elastic cartilage that has been treated with a stain 
- Turns the elastic fibers black
- Note branching of the fibers in the cartilage matrix.
- Elastic cartilage that has been treated with a stain
- Turns the elastic fibers black
- Note branching of the fibers in the cartilage matrix.
What is shown in this slide?
What is shown in this slide?
Elastic fibers (black) in connective tissue and walls of blood vessels
Elastic fibers (black) in connective tissue and walls of blood vessels
What are three sites in the human body where elastic cartilage is found?
What are three sites in the human body where elastic cartilage is found?
- Pinna
- External auditory canal eustachian tube
- Some laryngeal cartilages (e.g., epiglottis)
- Pinna
- External auditory canal eustachian tube
- Some laryngeal cartilages (e.g., epiglottis)
What property of elastic fibers make elastic cartilage more suitable for these sites (e.g., pinna, external auditory canal eustachian tube, epiglottis) than hyaline cartilage?
What property of elastic fibers make elastic cartilage more suitable for these sites (e.g., pinna, external auditory canal eustachian tube, epiglottis) than hyaline cartilage?
More flexible
More flexible
What is shown in this slide?
What is shown in this slide?
- Fibrocartilage 
- Chondrocytes are surrounded by very little matrix and tend to be arranged in rows between coarse bundles of collagen fibers
- Alternating arrangement of collagen bundles in adjacent layers of fibrocartilage
- No perichondrium
- Fibrocartilage
- Chondrocytes are surrounded by very little matrix and tend to be arranged in rows between coarse bundles of collagen fibers
- Alternating arrangement of collagen bundles in adjacent layers of fibrocartilage
- No perichondrium
What is the major type of collagen fiber present in fibrocartilage?
What is the major type of collagen fiber present in fibrocartilage?
Type I Collagen
Type I Collagen
What are some sites in the human body where fibrocartilage is found?
What are some sites in the human body where fibrocartilage is found?
- Intervertebral disks (annulus fibrosus)
- Pubic symphysis
- Menisci of knee joint
- Some tendinous attachments to bone
- Within articular discs of the sternoclavicular and temporomandibular joints
- Intervertebral disks (annulus fibrosus)
- Pubic symphysis
- Menisci of knee joint
- Some tendinous attachments to bone
- Within articular discs of the sternoclavicular and temporomandibular joints
How does the arrangement of collagen bundles in adjacent layers of fibrocartilage contribute to the function of this supporting tissue?
How does the arrangement of collagen bundles in adjacent layers of fibrocartilage contribute to the function of this supporting tissue?
Arrangement helps it function as a shock absorber, resisting compression and sheer forces
Arrangement helps it function as a shock absorber, resisting compression and sheer forces
What is shown in this slide?
What is shown in this slide?
- Annulus fibrosis of intervertebral disc (fibrocartilage)
- Parallel rows of chondrocytes are arranged between layers of collagen bundles
- Gives it a herringbone appearance
- Annulus fibrosis of intervertebral disc (fibrocartilage)
- Parallel rows of chondrocytes are arranged between layers of collagen bundles
- Gives it a herringbone appearance
What is shown in this slide?
What is shown in this slide?
Articular Cartilage
Articular Cartilage
What type of cartilage does Articular Cartilage resemble? How is it different?
What type of cartilage does Articular Cartilage resemble? How is it different?
Hyaline cartilage - but no perichondrium
Hyaline cartilage - but no perichondrium
This is an image of a mouse embryo, how does the cartilage compare to mature cartilage?
This is an image of a mouse embryo, how does the cartilage compare to mature cartilage?
Developing cartilage has MORE cells and LESS matrix
Developing cartilage has MORE cells and LESS matrix
Hyaline Cartilage:
- Homogenous ECM?
- Fiber types present?
- Locations in body?
- Perichondrium present?
Hyaline Cartilage:
- Homogenous ECM
- Type II collagen, elastic fibers, ground substance
- Ventral ends of ribs, larynx, trachea, and bronchi
- Perichondrium present
Hyaline Cartilage:
- Homogenous ECM
- Type II collagen, elastic fibers, ground substance
- Ventral ends of ribs, larynx, trachea, and bronchi
- Perichondrium present
Elastic Cartilage:
- Homogenous ECM?
- Fiber types present?
- Locations in body?
- Perichondrium present?
Elastic Cartilage:
- Heterogenous ECM
- Elastic fibers
- Pinna, external auditory canal, eustachian tube, and laryngeal cartilages
- Perichondrium present
Elastic Cartilage:
- Heterogenous ECM
- Elastic fibers
- Pinna, external auditory canal, eustachian tube, and laryngeal cartilages
- Perichondrium present
Fibrocartilage:
- Homogenous ECM?
- Fiber types present?
- Locations in body?
- Perichondrium present?
Fibrocartilage:
- Homogenous ECM
- Type I collagen
- IV discs, pubic symphysis, knee minisci, some tendonous attachments to bone, articular discs
- No perichondrium
Fibrocartilage:
- Homogenous ECM
- Type I collagen
- IV discs, pubic symphysis, knee minisci, some tendonous attachments to bone, articular discs
- No perichondrium
How can bones be classified?
- Shape
- Gross appearance
- Microscopic appearance
How can bone tissue be classified by gross appearance?
- Compact (cortical) bone - found in diaphysis of long bones and inner and outer tables of some skull bones
- Spongy (trabecular, cancellous) bone - found in epiphysis and metaphysis of long bones and between tables of some skull bones
How can bone tissue be classified by microscopic appearance?
- Woven (immature, primary) - randomly oriented collagen fiber bundles
- Lamellar (mature, secondary) - organized into parallel sheets for great mechanical strength
When and where does lamellar bone appear?
- During development, lamellar bone appears during late fetal period
- In mature bone, both compact and spongy bone is lamellar
How can bone pieces be analyzed histologically?
- Bone pieces dried and ground into thin sections (preserves ECM)
- Bone is decalcified in acid or chelating agents (e.g., EDTA) to preserve cells and collagenous material which is sectioned and stained
What is shown in this slide?
What is shown in this slide?
- Fetal digit - bone tissue is initially "woven" or "primary"
- Woven bone comprises the diaphysis
- Fetal digit - bone tissue is initially "woven" or "primary"
- Woven bone comprises the diaphysis
The collagen fiber bundles (pink) are oriented in what manner?
The collagen fiber bundles (pink) are oriented in what manner?
Randomly oriented (woven/primary bone tissue)
Randomly oriented (woven/primary bone tissue)
The majority of the periosteum consists of what type of tissue?
The majority of the periosteum consists of what type of tissue?
Fibrous Connective Tissue
Fibrous Connective Tissue
What type of bone is this? How are the collagen fiber bundles organized?
What type of bone is this? How are the collagen fiber bundles organized?
Compact bone - organized into distinct layers or lamellae
Compact bone - organized into distinct layers or lamellae
What is the concentric arrangement of lamellae in compact bone called?
What is the concentric arrangement of lamellae in compact bone called?
Haversion system (Osteon)
Haversion system (Osteon)
What is at the middle of each Osteon?
What is at the middle of each Osteon?
Haversion Canal - which contains blood vessels, nerves, and osteoblasts
Haversion Canal - which contains blood vessels, nerves, and osteoblasts
What fills in the gaps in compact bone between the Osteons?
What fills in the gaps in compact bone between the Osteons?
Interstitial Lamellae (remnants of older osteons that have been partially resorbed)
Interstitial Lamellae (remnants of older osteons that have been partially resorbed)
What are the layers of bone surrounding the osteonal canals?
What are the layers of bone surrounding the osteonal canals?
Concentric Lamellae
Concentric Lamellae
What are the spaces between the concentric lamellae surrounding the osteonal canals? What is in these spaces?
What are the spaces between the concentric lamellae surrounding the osteonal canals? What is in these spaces?
Lacunae - contain Osteocytes
Lacunae - contain Osteocytes
What is the name for the tiny dark lines radiating from each lacuna? Function?
What is the name for the tiny dark lines radiating from each lacuna? Function?
Canaliculi - contain cytoplasmic processes of osteocytes that form gap junctions with processes of adjacent osteocytes, enabling diffusion of metabolites between osteocytes and blood vessels in the Haversian canals
Canaliculi - contain cytoplasmic processes of osteocytes that form gap junctions with processes of adjacent osteocytes, enabling diffusion of metabolites between osteocytes and blood vessels in the Haversian canals
What are the forces that keep bone continuously remodeling?
- Structural forces placed on bone (basis of orthodontics)
- Hormones which regulate blood calcium level
What are the canals that are oriented perpendicular to Haversian canals called?
What are the canals that are oriented perpendicular to Haversian canals called?
Volkmann's Canals
Volkmann's Canals
What comprises 70% of the dry weight of bone tissue?
Inorganic, mineralized matrix
What is Structure A?
What is Structure A?
Trabeculae / Spicules = projections of spongy bone cut in various directions; interconnected to form a network (in 3D)
(Like the material of the sponge)
Trabeculae / Spicules = projections of spongy bone cut in various directions; interconnected to form a network (in 3D)
(Like the material of the sponge)
What is Structure B?
What is Structure B?
Red Bone Marrow  (within spongy bone)
(like the water held by the sponge - occupies spaces between trabeculae)
Red Bone Marrow (within spongy bone)
(like the water held by the sponge - occupies spaces between trabeculae)
What is shown in this slide?
What is shown in this slide?
- A broken bone (bone layers and marrow cavity on each side are not in alignment across middle of slide)
- Dome shaped upper portion = thickening = primary callus
- A broken bone (bone layers and marrow cavity on each side are not in alignment across middle of slide)
- Dome shaped upper portion = thickening = primary callus
What is this material?
What is this material?
Transitory Cartilage - appears to be fibrocartilage involved in fracture repair (serves as a platform for endochondral ossification and replacement by woven/primary bone tissue to form the secondary callus)
Transitory Cartilage - appears to be fibrocartilage involved in fracture repair (serves as a platform for endochondral ossification and replacement by woven/primary bone tissue to form the secondary callus)
The secondary callus will be remodeled and replaced by what kind of bone tissue?
The secondary callus will be remodeled and replaced by what kind of bone tissue?
Secondary
Secondary
What are the purple cells lining the white psaces within bone?
What are the purple cells lining the white psaces within bone?
Cuboid-shaped osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells
Cuboid-shaped osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells
Why are these purple osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells considered "basophilic"?
Why are these purple osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells considered "basophilic"?
They have abundant RER for synthesis of matrix components, which is stained by hematoxylin
They have abundant RER for synthesis of matrix components, which is stained by hematoxylin
What process of bone growth is facilitated by these cells?
What process of bone growth is facilitated by these cells?
Apositional growth (girth of a bone at its diaphysis is increased)
Apositional growth (girth of a bone at its diaphysis is increased)
What are the cells marked by "O"? Describe?
What are the cells marked by "O"? Describe?
- Osteocytes
- Large, multinucleated cells
- Function is bone resorption (calcium release)
- Osteocytes
- Large, multinucleated cells
- Function is bone resorption (calcium release)
What causes bone to be a very dynamic tissue?
- Alternating activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
- Architecture is remodeled to meet needs of physical stresses
- Mechanical support and calcium storage/release
What factors influence the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts?
Osteoclasts are stimulated by Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and inhibited by Calcitonin
Bone formation occurs in what two ways?
- Intramembranous ossification
- Endochondral ossification (formation of a hyaline cartilage model which is gradually replaced by bone)
Where does endochondral ossification bone formation occur?
- Long bones of embryo
- Epiphyseal plates of long bones
What kind of cells absorb cartilage? What kind of cells are they similar to?
Chondroclasts (multinucleated cells) - histologically indistinguishable from osteoclasts
Chondroclasts (multinucleated cells) - histologically indistinguishable from osteoclasts
What are the zones of the epiphyseal plate?
- Reserve cartilage
- Proliferative zone
- Hypertrophy and Calcification
- Cartilage Degeneration
- Osteogenic
- Reserve cartilage
- Proliferative zone
- Hypertrophy and Calcification
- Cartilage Degeneration
- Osteogenic
What might happen in the embryo regarding endochondral ossification if osteoblasts were dysfunctional?
Bone formation would not occur
What is osteoporosis?
Decrease in bone mass - affects >30 million Americans, especially chronically immobilized patients and postmenopausal women
A vs B?
A vs B?
A = normal
B = osteoporotic bone
Which bone cell type likely contributes to osteoporosis?
Osteoclasts
As a physician, what type of treatment interventions might you recommend to manage the osteoporotic patient?
- Drugs that stimulate osteoblast formation (fluorides)
- Estrogen (maintains bone mass)
- Calcium supplements
- Drugs that decrease osteoclast formation (calcitonin, bisphosphonates)
What are some nutritional or hormonal factors which influence bone calcification, growth, or maintenance?
- Protein deficiency
- Ca2+ deficiency
- Increase in PTH
- Increase in Calcitonin
Bone:
- Cell nests?
- Blood vessels within matrix?
- Lamellae?
- Speed of tissue turnover?
- Amount of mineralization?
Bone:
- No cell nests
- Blood vessels in matrix
- Lamellae
- Rapid tissue turnover
- ~65% mineralization
Cartilage:
- Cell nests?
- Blood vessels within matrix?
- Lamellae?
- Speed of tissue turnover?
- Amount of mineralization?
Cartilage:
- Cell nests
- No blood vessels in matrix
- No lamellae
- Slow tissue turnover
- No mineralization