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206 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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"limnology"
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study of relationships of organisms in INLAND h2o
as they're affected by physical chemical biotic enviros |
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"freshwater ecology"
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study of relationships of organisms in FRESHWATER as they're affected by
physical chemical biotic enviros |
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lentic system
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STILL water
lake pond res inland sea |
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lotic system
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running water
stream river |
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limnology includes
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geology
physics chemistry biology |
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hierarchal levels in ecology
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-individual
-population -community -ecosystem |
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individual level
(hierarchal level) |
behavior
physiology |
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population level
(hierarchal level) |
life history
abundance distribution genetics |
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community level
(hierarchal level) |
species interactions
community assembly change |
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ecosystem level
(hierarchal level) |
energy and nutrient cycling
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stratification based on
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small differences in water density
due to temp / salinity changes |
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lake profile
top to bottom |
epilimnion
metalimnion hypolimnion monimolimnion |
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thermocline located
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in the metalimnion
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chemocline located
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between hypolimnion and monimolimnion
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gasses can go into what layer of lake
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monimolimnion
(warm, saline, gas-rich water) |
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freshwater distribution
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ICE : 2.1%
GROUNDh2o : 0.6% LAKES : 0.01% ATMOSPHERE : 0.001% RIVERS : 0.0001% |
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freshwater distribution
(INland liquid h2o) |
GROUNDh2o: 96%
LAKES : 1.4% RIVERS : 0.01% |
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freshwater distribution
(INland SURFACE water) |
LAKES > 99%
RIVERS < 1% |
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provides majority of our water?
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surface water
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"stream"
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freshwater flowing downhill in defined channel
(lotic system) |
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"stream order"
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measure of longitudinal position
along river continuum 1+1 = 2 2+1 = 2 2+2 = 3 3+1 = 3 3+2 = 3 3+3 = 4 *begins w/ first order* |
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runoff =
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RO = P - ET
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components of stream flow generation
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1. infiltration capactiy
2. hortonian overland flow 3. groundwater recharge 4. shallow sub-surface flow 5. saturation overland flow |
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infiltration capacity
(stream flow generation) |
max rate soil can absorb precip
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hortonian overland flow
(stream flow generation) |
precip > infiltration capacity
= sheet flow due to saturation |
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groundwater recharge
(stream flow generation) |
water moving down and across the water table
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shallow sub-surface flow
(stream flow generation) |
movement thru saturated layers
(piping) |
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saturation overland flow
(stream flow generation) |
sheet flow due to saturation below
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baseflow
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flow sustained by groundwater in absence of precip
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stormflow
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flow associated with storms
((Groundwater + Sheetflow)) |
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"gaining reach"
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stream w/ increasing flow
(effluent stream) =- gaining from water table |
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"losing reach"
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stream w/ decreasing flow
(influent stream) -- losing water to water table |
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"discharge"
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flow w/i the stream
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discharge equation
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Q = u w z
discharge = (velocity)(width)(depth) |
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"stage"
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height of stream/river used to determine discharge
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"rating curve"
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relationship between 'stage' and discharge
(increase stage (height) = increase discharge) |
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"hydrograph"
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continuous record of Q (discharge) over time
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storm hydrograph
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record of Q following precip
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competent flow
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flow capable of carrying a particle
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"load"
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amt of material in transport
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'bed load'
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particles moving along bottom
(not much of transport) |
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'suspended load'
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particles moving while suspended in water column
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turbidity =
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total suspended solids
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dissolved load
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dissolved materials in transport (no work required)
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'riffles'
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shallow
fast coarse substrate erosional at low Q |
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'pools'
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deep
slow fine substrate depositional at low Q |
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6 types of lake formation
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1. tectonic
2. volcanic 3. glacial 4. fluvial 5. dissolution 6. man-made |
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tectonic lake (2)
(lake formation) |
1. GRABEN:
-faulting = slipping block -deeper *african rift valley* 2. UP-LIFTING -shallower |
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volcanic lake
(lake formation) |
*crater lake in caldera*
*lake nyos* |
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glacial lake
(lake formation) |
***NOT as deep as tectonic (graben from faulting)*
1. Cirque 2. Moraine (*great lakes* 3. Kettle |
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fluvial lake
(lake formation) |
floodplain lakes
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dissolution lake
(lake formation) |
dissolution of limestone
-+ collapse |
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man-made lake
(lake formation) |
reservoirs
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physical structure of lakes *3factors*
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1. formation
2.life zones 3. characterizing lake shape **"metrics"** |
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lake life zones
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littoral -- benthic -- profundal
littoral --pelagic -- littoral photic (P>R) _______ aphotic (P<R) |
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"fetch"
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length of lake that wind blows along
(determines energy for waves / mixing) |
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"z"
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depth
z(max) = maximum depth |
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"A"
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area
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"v"
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volume
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_
z |
mean depth
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mean depth
|
(volume)/(surface area)
_ z |
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mean depth can affect
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stratification
currents light penetration |
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"Dl"
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shoreline development
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shoreline development
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Dl
circle = 1 (less circular = higher number) *can increase terrestrial influence* |
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Dl equation
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Dl = L / (2 x squaroot {pie area})
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retention
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residence time
V / Q (a lot of reservoirs ~1yr lake tahoe ~700yrs) |
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water special qualities (4)
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1. temp-density relationship
2. specific heat 3. heat of vaporization 4. flow boundaries / particle sinking |
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water temp-density relationship
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ice is less dense than water (hexagonal)
colder water is denser |
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lake stratification
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1. epillimnion
2. metalimnion 3. hypolimnion |
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"specific heat"
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heat needed to raise 1g h2o 1*C
(water has high spec heat... needs a lotta heat to increase heat) |
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"heat of vaporization"
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heat needed to change state
(water needs lotta heat to change state) |
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"aquatic life is thermally buffered"
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water resists temp change
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"flow boundary layer"
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water has zero velocity at a surface
and increases further from a surface |
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stokes law
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sinking rate is a function of the size and density of the sphere
AND the viscocity and density of the water |
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sinking rate equation
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U = 2g(r^2)(p'-p)
_____________ 9μ |
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factors affecting sinking rate
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organisms alter:
1. shape 2. size 3. density (oil, gas bubbles) +viscocity / density of h2o |
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light's importance
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photosynthesis
heat aquatic systems influence organism activity |
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solar constant
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1.94 cal/cm2/min
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"PAR"
|
photosynthetically active rad
(visible) |
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amt of PAR striking surface varies with
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1. latitude
2. season 3. time of day 4. altitude 5. atmospheric conditions |
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fate of light hitting water
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1. reflection (5%)
(angle..) 2. scattering (25%) (due to molecules / particles) 3. absorbtion ("transformation to HEAT) 4. transmission |
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light attenuation
-eutrophic -mesotrophic -oligotrophic |
eutrophic:
light doesn't travel deep AT ALL mesotrophic -light travels deep- but not very much oligotrophic -light travels deeep (almost 100% of light travels deep) |
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extinction coeficient
(quantifies light attenuation) |
.002 m-1
OLIGOTROPHIC ~100% reaches 5m depth 0.39 m-1 MESOTROPHIC 14% reaches 5m depth 1.00 m-1 EUTROPHIC <1% reaches 5m depth |
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wL's travel to greatest / least depths
(transmittence) |
blue to greatest depth
green yellow red longer wavelengths don't travel to depth ... red least transmission blue most transmission |
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transmission of light (red/blue/green)
-eutrophic -mesotrophic -oligotrophic |
EUTROPHIC
-blue --red ---green (depth) MESOTROPHIC -blue --green ---red OLIGOTROPHIC -red ---green -----blue |
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secchi disk measures
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light travel ... ~ 10% light level
= 1.7 / z (secchi depth) |
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secchi depth
& EUTRO MESO OLIGO |
OLIGOTROPHIC
-highest secchi depth -lowest extinction coefficient MESO medium EUTROPHIC -lowest secchi depth -highest extinction coefficient |
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heat INputs
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primarily from SOLAR heating
(upper few m's absorb 50% of energy (ie long WL converted to heat) +advective (inflow from streams) +conductive (from air / ground) |
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heat OUTputs
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1. longwave IR
2. evaporation 3. advective (outflow) 4. conductive (ground air) 5. reflection / back scattering |
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"epillimnion"
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layer of warm,
well mixed isothermal |
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"metalimnion"
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layer where steep temp gradient occurs (between hypo and epill)
*ie place of thermocline* |
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"thermocline"
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plane of max temp change w/ depth
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"hypolimnion"
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layer of cold,
undisturbed h2o UNDER thermocline |
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AMICTRIC
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NEVER mixes
ALWAYS STRATIFIED always covered with ice *ANTARCTICA* |
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cold monomictic
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*one mixing*
-stratified winter (under ice) -mixed summer *CANADA* |
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warm monomictic
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*one mixing*
-stratified in summer -mixed winter *SE US* |
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DIMICTIC
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2 MIXINGS /yr
--summer stratified --fall mixing (turnover) --winter stratifies (inverse) --spring mixing (turnover) ****NE US***** *** MUST HAVE WINTER ICE COVER*** |
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POLYMICTIC
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mix frequently thru yr
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"meromixes"
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incomplete mixing during turnover
bc permanent density differences BC OF CHEMICALS |
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salt v density
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more salt = more dense
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"chemocline"
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plane of density change
between hypolimnion & monimolimnion |
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o2 sources
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1. diffusion (atmosphere)
2. photosynthesis |
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O2 sinks
|
1. diffusion (atmosphere)
2. chemical oxidation 3. respiration |
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influences O2 solubility
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amt o2 proportional to the pressure of that gas in the overlying atm
**more DO w/ LOWER TEMP LESS SALINITY HIGH PRESSURE **ie low temp, low altitude, low salinity |
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%saturation of O2 equation
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O2 observed
___________ O2 saturation x100 (saturation = amt in solution accounting pressure / temp / salinity) |
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verticle profile of O2 concentration includes
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othograde curve
clinograde curve (extreme (summerkill |
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lake trophic status
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oligotrohpic / eutrophic
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"oligotrophic"
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deep
low nutrients low rate of production |
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"eutrophic"
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shallow
high nutrients high rates of production |
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"orthograde curve"
(type of DO curve) |
~100% saturation
--concentration lower in warm top layer --concentration higher in cool bottom layers ***oligotrophic***during stratification**** |
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"clinograde curve"
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DO low (not close to 100%saturation)
---high epillimnmic DO (circulation + photosynthesis) ---low in hypolimnion (oxidative processes) |
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extreme clinograde curve
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HIGHLY eutrophic
*often meromictic* often due to summerkill (NO DO at depth) |
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determines hypolimnic DO
(DURING stratification) |
1. lake productivity
(how much organic matter) 2. depth (deeper = more O2 / area) 3. duration 4. advection 5. initial O2 concentration |
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conditions for SUMMERKILL
|
warm
calm HIGH NUTRIENT = ALGAL BLOOM --high algal respiration --decomposition of algae (microbial respiration) --O2 DECLINES (at night) --OR upwelling of hypolimnion |
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conditions for WINTERKILL
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ice cover limits aeration
organic matter decomposes(respoiration) NO O2 |
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metalimnetic MAximum
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positive heterograde (DO)curve
DO has sharp increase and decrease in metamolimnion (ALGAL BLOOMS)-photosynthesis |
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metalimnetic MINIMUM
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negative heterograde (DO) curve
DO sharply decreases then increases in metamolimnic (OXIDATION -decreases DO) |
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metalimnetic minimum
(algae sinkage?) |
rapid sink in epilimnion
SLOW in metalimnium (when DO decreases) = high deposition + zooplankton |
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GPP
gross primary production |
total autotrophic production
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respiration
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O2 consumption by autotrophs (Ra) and heterotrophs (Rh)
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NPP
net primary production |
GPP - Ra
(total O2 production - autotroph resp) |
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NEP
net ecosystem production |
GPP - Ra - Rh
total O2 production - respiration by auto and hetero-trophs |
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measure primary production?
|
light and dark bottle
(measure DO in each) |
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turbulent stream DO
|
usually 100%
great aeration |
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archaea
|
not bacteria
essential to nutrient cycling present everywhere |
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three main groups
(organisms) |
-bacteria
-archaea -eukarya |
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bacteria
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everywhere
photoautotroph chemotroph heterotroph decomposition |
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bacteria and archaea
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control cycles:
--carbon --nitrogen --sulfur --iron / manganese |
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aerobic respiration
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glucose oxidized to CO2
oxygen reduced to H2o |
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bacteria degrade organic matter
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use O2
IF NONE -NO3- *nitrate* -Fe3+ iron -SO4 2- *sulfate -CO2 |
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degradation of organic matter from top of lake to bottom
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O2 = aerobic respiration
NO3-= denitrification Fe3+ = iron reduction SO4 2- = sulfate reduction |
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chemoautotrophy
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bacteria use O2 to oxidize organic matter
(or ammonium iron...) |
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cyanobacteria
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mostly photoautotrophs
(produce O2) fix N w/ heterocysts float w/ gas *can produce toxins * |
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algae
*5 groups* |
1. chlorophycea (green algae)
2. chrysophycea (golden brown) 3. dinophycea (dinoflaggelates) 4. bacillariophycea (diatoms) 5. euglenophycea (euglenoids) |
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chlorophycea
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green algae
~exclusively freshh20 single to multicell asex +sexual reproduction *photoautotrophs *heterotrophs |
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ChRYSOphycea
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oligotrophic
photosynthesis heterotroph |
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dinophycea
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dinoflaggellates
lentic systems |
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bacillariophycea
|
common in plankton / biofilms
sometimes colonial *photosynthesis *heterotroph *symbiotes |
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euglenophycea
|
eutrophic lakes
*photosynthesis *heterotrophs |
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organisms fighting gravity
|
1. size matters
2. form resistence (dynophycea = flagellated) 3. mucilage production (cyanobacteria) (4 balls) 4. gas vacuoles 5. swimming 6. lipid / oil production |
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phytoplankton
changes by season |
WINTER
-small species (light limiting) SPRING (light increases) (water warms) blooms SUMMER *DeCline* -zooplankton grazing -nutrient limits ..greens dominate 1st.. later cyano FALL *ABundance* -reduced zooplankton -mixing |
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niwot ridge N concentration
|
N concentration high
--ff combustion --cows atmospheric deposition |
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phosphorous in CO
|
not much
rocks -apetite |
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electrical conductivity
aka specific conductivity |
increase salinity = increase conductivity
(cond = 0 = distilled h2o) |
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turbidity
|
suspended sediment
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spring deciduous forest
-discharge |
increased transpiration
== INCREASE DISCHARGE |
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orange stream -- mine drainage
--pH |
orange = Fe3+ (feric iron)
LOW pH -sulfur from pyrite (FeS2) -pyrite --> sulfuric acid (+ feric hydroxide) *bacteria burn reduced iron / sulfur best -- NEED O2 + H2o --- pyrite now exposed to O2, H2o that it wasn't b4 high conductivity due to acidity |
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conductivity related to acidity
|
low pH = acidic (no buffer)
= acidic water dissolves Al, Zinc, Cu, Cd (METALS) = HIGH CONDUCTIVITY |
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orange iron is..
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oxidized iron
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metal solubiliity in pH 2.5-3
|
all metals soluble
(can have clear h2o in low pH mine drainage areas) |
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solutions for mine (7)
|
1. seal mine
(prevent h2o from seeping in (limit O2 2. kill bacteria (slows reaction rate (only on small scale 3. tarp down drainage + topsoil on top 4. add CaCO3 (limestone) as buffer -- must do it continuously -- for zinc (highly soluble) must raise pH to 9 -- when limestone covered w/ iron no longer effective 5. catch iron b4 oxidation (Fe2+ [oxidated] more soluble than Fe3+) 6. "wetland" -- long enuf residence time = run out of o2 (sulfate in sulfuric acid can be reduced... increases pH) 7. GOOD TOPSOIL -high CEC cation exchange capacity -bind zinc cu ... metals |
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more mossy conditions
|
-lower watershed =
more consistent flow (less snowmelt = no flooding |
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mayfly v
stonefly |
mayfly = 3 tails
stonefly 2 tails |
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EPT test
|
test of health
(percent of mayflys/ catusflys /stoneflys out of other 100 organisms higher percent = healthier |
|
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whiter downstream mine drainage
|
Al comes out
NOT flourishing ecosystem due to Al == even tho pH higher than upstream |
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salinity / density
|
increase salinity = increase density
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avg stream velocity?
|
lower than avg SURFACE velocity
(rocks)(flow boundary) |
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alkalinity units
|
mg CaCO3 / L
|
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snow alkalinity
|
snow hasn't interacted w/ any CaCO3 -- not buffered
= low alkalinity |
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inverts
|
stoneflys/mayflys/catusflys
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"IBI"
|
index of biotic integrity
tell health by type / amt of organisms |
|
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stoneflys sensitive
|
to temp
|
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infiltration capacity
|
sand- high
clay - low |
|
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perrenial stream
(hydrograph) |
spring stream
stable flow MISSOURI hydrograph = relativly straight horizontal line (no big peeak / low) |
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intermittent stream
(hydrograph) |
defined peaks / lows
|
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flashy hydrograph
|
up/down continuously
rainy |
|
|
cirque lake
|
(glacial)
top lake rounded |
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moraine lake
|
(glacial)
longer -- sediment build up at botttom |
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kettle lake
|
(glacial)
little ice depression further than glaciar mass |
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"littoral"
|
rooted plants
shallow near shore |
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"pelagic zone"
|
zone in between littorals
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"benthic"
|
bottom of lake
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"profundal"
|
benthic zone of dark part of lake
(ie in APHOTIC part of lake ... doesn't continue to photic) |
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"photic"
|
top light half
P>R |
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"aphotic"
|
bottom dark half
P<R (compensation pt: P=R) |
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warmest?
calm day? windy day? |
warmest on top (solar heating)
calm day - surface heats more windy - may remix h2o column |
|
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water most dense
|
4*C
|
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wind creates
|
epillimnion
(otherwise temp curve looks straight) ... can have even if not stratified |
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lake stability determines
|
when lake will turnover
|
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organisms can change density by
|
air bubbles
oil lipids (algae can have large oil production (biofuel?) |
|
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light scattered best
|
blue
bounce arnd then back see blue |
|
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algae + wLs
|
algae absorbs all but green
|
|
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main limiting nutrient
|
N
(other than tropical -- old so limited P) |
|
|
chlorophyll test
|
tests absorbancy
(tells how much algae) |
|
|
measuring Q with chemical
|
add chemical and measure how diluted downstream
(conductivity increases then decreases as go downstream) |
|
|
humic fulvic acids do good?
|
can protect some organisms from UC (absorbs short wLs
|
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|
turquoise lakes
|
clear water with some suspended solids
|
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humidity / evaporation
|
increase humidity = less evaportaion
(keeps lake warmer) |
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advective cooling
|
warm h2o leaves from top of lake
|
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conductive loss
|
exchange with air
|
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inverse stratification in winter
|
ice blocks wind
(O* h2o on top of 4* h2o = stable strat. bc more dense is below less dense |
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turnover
|
lake mixes -- all become SAME TEMP
|
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amictic lake never mixes bc
|
always covered w/ ice
or has salt layer |
|
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cold monomictic reason why doesn't mix in summer
|
too windy / cool in summer to stratify
|
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warm monomictic reason why no strat in winter
|
too warm / no ice
|
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type of mixing / turnover pattern based on
|
altitude / latitude
|
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DO % at sea level due to pressure
|
100%
|
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|
trout can only live in
|
cold h2o
more o2 in cold h2o |
|
|
DO concentration goes up in hypolimnion in oligotrophic bc
|
cooler
|
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anoxic hypolimnion
|
no o2 there
|
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less DO in warm water bc
|
O2 more soluble in cold
+ warm = more respiration = less o2 |
|
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why more o2 in deep lakes
|
more water - bigger hypolimnion - greater buffer for o2
|
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advection and o2
|
cold water replenishes hypolimnion
(more o2) |
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clinograde curve occurs in
|
late summer
leads to eutrophic lake |
|
|
stratified oligotrophic -- why more DO goes deeper ?
|
unproductive lake -- the o2 stays saturated in the winter
|
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when no stratification DO...
|
same from top to bottom
AND in equilibrium with the atmosphere |
