Movement

Front 1

Lever Systems

1st class

how made up and example?

Back 1

Force---Axis---Resistance

“See-saw”

Example- OA joint

Front 2

Lever Systems

2nd class

how made up and example?

Back 2

Force---Resistance---Axis
“Wheelbarrow”
Example- brachioradialis as an elbow flexor with only the weight of the forearm / hand

Front 3

Lever Systems

3rd class

how made up and example?

Back 3

Axis---Force---Resistance

“Man pushing a boat off a dock”

Example: most joints of the body

Front 4

Mechanical Advantage

what is the formula?

Back 4

MA = Force/ Resistance

Front 5

Mechanical Advantage

if F>R, the what can be said of the mechanical advantage?

Back 5

If the F>R than the mechanical advantage is high and therefore more efficient

Front 6

Mechanical Advantage

if MA>1 then it is...
if MA<1 then it is...

Back 6

IF MA>1, it is efficient, if MA<1, it is inefficient

Front 7

Mechanical Advantage

what is the most efficient lever class system?

Back 7

the 2nd class lever systems

Front 8

Torque

What is STRENGTH?

Back 8

Applying force to a lever arm to perform work

Front 9

Torque

basic formula?

Back 9

force x perpendicular distance
Moment of force
Easier as load gets
closer to body

Front 10

Joint Motions

ROLL

main idea and example?

Back 10

Example ball rolling on table, different point of ball and table are contacted at each point; if left unchecked the joint would dislocate

Front 11

Joint Motions

SLIDE

main idea and example?

Back 11

Translatory movement of joint to maintain joint congruency during roll

Front 12

Joint Motions

SPIN

main idea and example?

Back 12

Rotational movement of arthrokinematic segments
Example – screw home mechanism of knee

Front 13

SHEAR

what is it?

Back 13

any force that has the tendency to disrupt the joint; i.e. Take the 2 components of the joint away from one another or decrease the contact between the joint surfaces

Front 14

COMPRESSION

what is it?

Back 14

forces that compress the 2 components of the joint; i.e.. Increase the contact between the 2 joint surfaces

Front 15

OPEN KINETIC CHAIN EXERCISE

what is happening at the distal segment?

Back 15

Distal segment moves freely in space. Can be concentric and / or eccentric. may be only alternative if patient is NWB. Can be utilized to increase strength, muscular endurance, power (somewhat)
Causes shear through applied physics. Typically isolated movements

Front 16

CLOSED KINETIC CHAIN EXERCISE

what is happening at the distal segment?

Back 16

Fixed distal segment
System of interdependent articulated links
Concentric and / or eccentric
Loads muscles, bones, joints, ligaments, tendons and joint capsules
More functional applications than OKC in LE

Front 17

Kinematics

ARTHROKINEMATICS refers to...

Back 17

refers to the movement of the articular surfaces in relation to the direction of movement of the bony segment
“direction of joint movement”

Front 18

Kinematics

OSTEOKINEMATICS refers to...

Back 18

refers to the direction of movement of the bony segment
“direction of bone movement”

Front 19

Concave / Convex Rule

Moveable concave on a fixed convex

where is the motion of the osteo and arthrokinematic aspects?

Back 19

Osteokinematic and arthrokinematic motion are in the SAME direction
Examples
OKC knee flexion / extension
OKC elbow flexion / extension
CKC ankle dorsiflexion / plantarflexion
CKC wrist flexion / extension
“touching your toes”

Front 20

Concave / Convex Rule

Moveable convex on a fixed concave

where is the motion of the osteo and arthrokinematic aspects?

Back 20

Osteokinematic and arthrokinematic motion are in the OPPOSITE direction
Examples
OA flexion / extension
CKC knee
CKC elbow
OKC hip
OKC ankle

Front 21

Joint Function and Structure

what is CONGRUENCY?

Back 21

Joints match perfectly in only 1 position
The position of maximum congruency is known as the “CLOSED PACKED POSITION”
Closed packed position- maximal joint congruency, peak tautness in ligaments and joint capsule
Loose packed position- all other positions

Front 22

Contraction Types

Isometric contractions

what is happening with this type?

Back 22

The muscle contracts but there is no movement
May include “co-contraction”
Co-contraction- involves contracting the muscles on both sides of a joint simultaneously (i.e. the agonist and antagonist contract at the same time)
Provide stability

Front 23

Contraction Types

Isokinetic contractions

what is happening with this type?

Back 23

the Isokinetic contraction causes the muscle to shorten as it gains tension.

requires a constant speed over the entire range of motion,

Front 24

Active and Passive Insufficiency

ACTIVE

main idea?

Back 24

Reduction in the ability of a muscle to generate force when a 2 joint muscle is contracted across both joints at the same time

Muscle is “very short” and is subsequently less efficient

Front 25

Active and Passive Insufficiency

PASSIVE

main idea?

Back 25

The reduction in the ability of a muscle to generate force when a 2 joint muscle is lengthened across both joints at the same time

Muscle is “very long” and is subsequently less efficient

Front 26

Muscle Fiber Arrangement

Parallel fibers

STRAP

Back 26

long thin fibers running the length of the muscle belly: sartorius, gracillis

Front 27

Muscle Fiber Arrangement

Parallel fibers

FUSIFORM

Back 27

spindle-shaped, tapered on the ends, “fat” in the middle: biceps brachii

Front 28

Muscle Fiber Arrangement

Parallel fibers

RHOMBOIDAL

Back 28

4 sided, flat, broad attachments: rhomboids

Front 29

Muscle Fiber Arrangement

Parallel fibers

TRIANGULAR

Back 29

flat, fan-shaped; narrow at one end, broad at the other: pectoralis major and minor

Front 30

Muscle Fiber Arrangement

Oblique fibers

UNIPENNATE/BIPENNATE/MULTIPENNATE

Back 30

Unipennate- 1 sided feather
Bipennate- 2 sided feather
Multipennate- many directions