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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the control center for the autonomic nervous system?
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hypothalamus and brainstem
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One of the main functions of the autonomic system is to:
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coordinate regulation of internal environment
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Is the autonomic system primarily voluntary or involuntary?
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involuntary system
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________ mediates reflexes with afferent sensory limb and both _______ and ________ effectors
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Autonomic NS
autonomic somatic |
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Is the autonomic nervous system composed of disynatpic/monosynatpic pathways?
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Disynaptic pathways to target
-the somatic motor control system is a monosynaptic pathway |
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How is information relayed through the disynpptic pathway in the ANS?
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1. CNS preganglionic neuron to peripheral postganglionic neuron
2. Postganglionic neuron to smooth muscle or gland |
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Is the pre-ganglionic neuron in from the CNS to the ANS myelinated?
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YES the pre-ganglionic neuron axon is
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Is the post-ganglionic neuron in the ANS myelinated or un-myelinated?
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Post-ganglionic is un-myelinated axon to smooth muscle or gland
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What organ is an exception to the disynaptic pathway of the ANS?
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adrenal medulla
it receives direct projection from pre-ganglionic neurons |
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Name the three divisions of the ANS
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Sympathetic
Parasympathetic Enteric |
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Describe the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions in relation to one another.
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Sympathetic and Parasympathetic have opposing influence and are selectively activated to regulate visceral functions
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True or False
The enteric division of the ANS can function on its own, independent of the CNS |
True
sensory, motor, and interneurons in the wall of the GI tract -controls peristalsis anad GI secretions |
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Describe sympathetic tone
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Normal tonic level of activity
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Sympathetic Division mediates the global response to fear and prepares the body for _______ _ ______
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fight or flight
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What would some of the effects be if the sympathetic division was activated?
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1. increases cardiac output, pulmonary ventilation, blood to muscles and blood glucose levels
2. slows digestion and kidney filtration |
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Where does the pre-ganglionic neuron of the sympathetic system originate?
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in the brainstem or the spinal cord -intermediolateral cell column
-Lamina VII T1-L2 |
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Where are the post-ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic system located?
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outside the CNS in autonomic ganglia
-sympathetic trunk -pre-vertebral ganglia |
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What type of NT does the pre-ganglionic neuron utilize in the sympathetic system?
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ACh acting on nicotinic receptors
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Which neurons in the sympathetic system would you expect to find utilizing norepinephrine in the sympathetic system?
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Post-ganglionic neurons
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The innervation ratio of the sympathetic system is:
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very diffuse
-pre to post ganglionic 1:20 |
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What system would you expect to find paravertebral ganglia present in?
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sympathetic nervous system
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Where are the paravertebral ganglia located?
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These are the sympathetic chain ganglia (sympathetic trunk)
-trunk extends from cervical to sacral levels |
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What ganglion provides sympathetic innervation for the head?
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superior cervical ganglion
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What are the other ganglia of the sympathetic trunk involved in controlling?
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heart rate, piloerection, sweat glands, and vascular constriction
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the _______ _________ traverse the sympathetic trunk and exit as splanchnic nerves
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pre-vertebral ganglia
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Where do the pre-vertebral ganglia synapse?
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Celiac ganglia
Superior mesenteric ganglia Inferior mesenteric ganglia in the celiac plexus |
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What part of the autonomic system is the adrenal medulla functionally considered part of?
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Adrenal medulla is functionally part of he sympathetic nervous system
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Why is the adrenal medulla functionally considered part of the sympathetic nervous system?
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1. receives direct innervation from pre-ganglionic fibers in the greater splanchnic nerve
2. equivalent to modified autonomic ganglion + post-synaptic nerve 3. release of adrenaline into blood ensures global response to sympathetic stimulation |
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How many pairs of ganglia are present in the sympathetic nervous system?
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21-22 pairs
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Celiac ganglia innervates structures derived from embryonic _______.
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foregut
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Superior mesenteric ganglia innervates structures derived from embryonic _________
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midgut
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Inferior mesenteric ganglia innervates structures derived from embryonic ___________
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hindgut
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What is the function of the parasympathetic division of the ANS
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normal maintenance: conservation and restoration of energy
-activities initiated in response to sensory afferents (mechanoreceptors/chemoreceptors in heart, lung, and intestinal tract) |
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_____ ________ reduces heart ratel and blood pressure, increases blood flow to skin and viscera, as well as facilitates digestion and absorption of nutrients and excretion of waste.
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Parasympathetic division
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What type of neuron are the pre-ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
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GVE
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Where are the pre-ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division located?
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cranial nerve nuclei & lamina VII of S2-S4
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What type of NT does pre-ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division utilize?
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ACh acting on nicotinic receptors
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Is the innervation of the parasympathetic division diffuse or localized?
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localized for specific control
-ratio of pre to post ganglionic 1:2 |
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Name the cranial visceral motor nuclei (GVE)
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1. Edinger-Westphal nucleus, cranial nerve III, ciliary ganglion
2. Superior salivatory nucleus, CN VII, pterygopalatine & submandibular ganglia 3. Inferior salivatory nuclei, CN IX, otic ganglion 4. Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus and nucleus ambiguus, CN X, terminal ganglia |
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What nucleus is CN III
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Edinger Westphal nucleus
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What ganglion is CN III
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ciliary ganglion
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What parasympathetic response comes from the ciliary ganglion?
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pupillary constrictor & ciliary muscles
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What parasympathetic nucleus is CN VII
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Superior salivatory nucleus
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What parasympathetic ganglion is CN VII?
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pterygopalatine & submandibular ganglion
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What parasympathetic response is induced from activation of the pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglion?
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lacrimal, submandibular, and sublingual glands secretions
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What parasympathetic nuclei is CN IX present in?
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inferior salivatory nuclei
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What parasympathetic ganglion is CN IX responsible for activating?
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Otic ganglion
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What gland does the otic ganglion act on?
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parotid gland
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What nucleus is responsible for parasympathetic actions of cranial nerve X?
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Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus and nucleus ambiguus
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What ganglion receives parasympathetic innervation from CN X?
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terminal ganglion
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What organs are acted on by the terminal ganglion for parasympathetic response?
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heart, lungs, digestive tract
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Name the parasympathetic ganglia?
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Ciliary ganglion
Pterygopalatine ganglion Submandibular ganglion Otic ganglion Terminal ganglion |
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What parasympathetic nuclei control bladder, bowel, and sexual organs?
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Sacral parasympathetic nuclei (S2-S4)
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What is the normal pattern of activation for the parasympathetic division?
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discrete regulation of visceral organs
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What type of post-ganglionic neuron is present in the periphery in the sympathetic vs. parasympathetic?
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Sympathetic: paravertebral & prevertebral ganglia
Parasympathetic: terminal ganglia near or within target tissue |
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Describe post-ganglionic axon of the parasympathetic division?
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short cholinergic
ACh nicotinic |
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Descrive the post-ganglionic axon of the sympathetic division.
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Long adernergic
norepinephrine |
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Where are the pre-ganglionic located in the CNS sympathetic vs. parasympathetic?
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sympathetic: intermediolateral cell column T1-L2
parasympathetic: brainstem and intermediate zone of S2-S4 |
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What type of information is received by the hypothalamus?
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diverse afferent information
-cortical, emotions, drives -visceral sensory from nucleus of solitary tract -reticular formation: skin temperature in spinoreticular pathway -some hypothalamic neurons directly sesnse temperature, osmolarity, and substances in the blood |
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What is the major center for coordinating sympathetic and parasympathetic activity via descending projections to brain stem and spinal cord?
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hypothalamus
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What hypothalamic nuclei do descending autonomic fibers primarily originate in?
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paraventricular and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei
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Where do hypothalamic axons descend?
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in the medial forebrain bundle (MFB)
in both dorsolateral brainstem and medially in periaqueductal gray matter |
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Where do the hypothalamic tracts project to in the body?
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1. brainstem parasympathetic nuclei
2. sympathetic neurons of intermediolateral cell column 3. parasympathetic neurson in S2-S4 |
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What syndrome can result from damage to the hypothalamospinal pathway?
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Horner's Syndrome
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Describe Horner's syndrome
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1. disruption of sympathetics to eye
-Ptosis (drooping eyelid) -Miosis (decreased pupil size) 2. Disruption of sympathetic innervation to head and neck results in anhidrosis 3. Causes: spinal trauma, lateral brainstem infarct, sympathetic chain tumor/trauma, carotid dissection |
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What system is located primarily from the central nucleus of the amygdala?
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Limbic System
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What system mediates effects of emotional state on autonomic function, alters heart rate, peristalsis, sweating, and is relayed through the hypothalamus or reticular nuclei of the brainstem?
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Limbic system
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What formations contain "life suport" control centers for cardiac function and respiration?
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pontine and medullary reticular formations
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What information is regulated in the pontine and medullary reticular formations?
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receives somatic and visceral sensory input as well as descending information from limbic system, hypothalamus
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________ and _________ _________ formation projects to the intermediolateral cell column, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, and nucleus ambiguus
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pontine and medullary reticular formations
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the pontine and medullary reticular formations coordinate what?
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reflexes involving both somatic and autonomic components
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what provides feedback for reflex control of circulation, respiration, digestion, micturtion?
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visceral afferents of parasympathetic division
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What is the major visceral sensory nucleus of the parasympathetic division?
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caudal nucleus of solitary tract
-relays viscerosensory information to hypothalamus |
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What cranial nerves relay information from viscera into the parasympathetic nervous system?
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CN IX, I and sacral nerves
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what mediates senstations such as heartburn, nausea, and hunger?
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visceral afferents mediate poorly localized conscious sensations
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What are visceral pain afferents primarily associated with?
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sympathetic nervous system in cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia
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What is the primary relay tract for visceral pain afferents?
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primarily relayed via spinoreticular and spinothalamic pathways
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Where are visceral pain afferents projected to in the cortex?
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insula
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True or False
Severe pain may be referred to somatic structures innervated by the same segments of the spinal cord |
True
Examples: angina pectoris, gallbladder, smal intestine, diaphragms, etc. |
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Where is the sympathetic inneration of the bladder, bowel, and sexual functions coming from?
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pre-ganglionic neurons in intermediolateral cell column (T11-L1)
post-ganglionic neurons in sympathetic chain ganglia innervate smooth muscle |
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The parasympathetic control of bladder, bowel, and sexual function is present in what pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic structures?
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pre-ganglionic S2-S4
post-ganglionic neurons close to viscera innervate smooth muscle and glands |
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the somatic motor control of the pelvic striated muscles is received from where?
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upper motor neuron control from frontal cortex for pelvic striated muscle
-relay nucleus in pons -Onuf's nucleus (S2-S4) in lateral ventral horn innervates external urethral and anal sphincter and bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles -pelvic floor muscles innervated by medial motor neurons S2-S4 |
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How does the visceral sensory information get to the brainstem with respect to bladder, bowel, and sexual function?
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visceral sensory information ascend in dorsal and lateral funiculi to the brainstem nuclei
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True or False
bladder function is normally under voluntary control |
TRUE
-wouldn't just want to start peeing in the middle of class |
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What is the default state of activation for the bladder?
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sympathetic activation which inhibits urination via contraction of smooth muscle in bladder neck and relaxation of detrusor
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How is bladder fullness detected?
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Bladder fullness is detected by sensory afferents from mechanoreceptors in bladder wal
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What initiates the detrusor reflex (voiding)?
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descending signal from medial frontal micturtion center initiates detrusor reflex
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What type of lesion is described by the following signs:
1. loss of sympathetic control, flaccid paralysis of bladder, and bladder distention: urinary retention and overflow incontinence -development of hyperreflexia in the bladder and body; bladder voids at low volumes and has spasms -is ascending urinary visceral fibers in posterior column are intact the patient will have recurring sense of urinary urgency |
Upper motor neuron lesion resulting in loss of bladder control
-caused by injury to lower brainstem or spinal cord -this could be caused by acute spinal injury or spinal shock |
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describe the symptoms of a lower motor lesion resulting in loss of bladder control
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1. injury to sacral spinal cord or sacral nerves
2. flaccid, areflexic bladder similar to flaccid paralysis of muscles in extremities 3. overflow incontinence |
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Smooth muscle sphincter for bowel function is controlled by ______ ________
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sacral parasympathetics
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What nucleus projects parasympathetics to the striated muscle sphincter for bowel function?
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Onuf's nucleus
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the sensory input for bowel function comes from _____
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S2 to S4
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Gastrointestinal motility is regulated by ______ and ________ parasympathetics for bowel function
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vagal and sacral
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Is sexual function mediated by both parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the ANS?
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YES
Parasympathetic innervation S2-S4 Sympathetics innervation T11-L2 |
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How does parasympathetic innervation affect sexual function?
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1. engorgement via dilation of penile/clitoral arteries and relaxation of venous smooth muscle via release of NO
2. Excitation of vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and prostate/vaginal glands |
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_______ effect on the vascular component for sexual function is constriction
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sympathetics
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What mediates ejaculation?
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sympathetic activation of smooth muscles mediates ejaculation
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What type of contractions of involved in ejaculation and orgasm?
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Reflex contraction of striated pelvic floor muscles in ejaculation and orgasm
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