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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Motor development |
Study of change in motor behavior & biological changes over time |
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Heredity |
Qualities set at birth, traits, characteristics Hair color, eye color, personality (established at age 6) |
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Growth |
Observable changes in quantity |
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Development |
Change in functioning- either qualitative or quantitative |
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Maturation |
Time table of developmental events Resistant to external influence, genetically determined Menarche- first occurrence of menstruation |
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Motor behavior |
Observable changes in learning/performance of motor skills/sports Walking, standing |
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Cephalocaudal development |
Growth from head to feet |
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Proximodistal development |
Growth from center of body to periphery |
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Affordances |
Opportunities for action that objects, events or places in the environment provide Stairs, diving boards Provides stimulus for motor development |
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Aging |
Deteriorated capacity to regulate ones internal environment Reduced probability for survival |
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Assumption 1 |
Continual and cumulative- change is constant, based on past experiences |
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Stages |
Age related, common milestones (walking, sitting) |
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Phases |
Not age related, transitions over time |
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Assumption 2 |
All domains are interrelated- physical, cognitive, psychological behavior and environment all contribute to make you YOU |
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Assumption 3 |
Individual differences- each person is unique. Heredity and environment play major role |
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Assumption 4 |
Environment plays a role- consider a person’s history, culture, and affordances |
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Assumption 5 |
Critical and sensitive periods- Critical- similar to stage, optimal time for emergence of developmental behaviors (4-8 months- grasping) Sensitive- time when influenced by specific factors (embryonic/fetal- stress, drugs, alcohol) |
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Assumption 6 |
Aided by positive stimulation- brain must be stimulated to increase architecture (building blocks, bright colors) |
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Assumption 7 |
Much plasticity- change in development due to + and - life experiences |
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Assumption 8 |
Motor development is multifaceted and dynamic phenomenon- movement abilities not predominantly ties to genetics |
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Assumption 9 |
With age abilities regress- decreased vision, hearing, and muscular strength |
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Prenatal |
Conception to birth |
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Embryonic period |
0-8 weeks prenatal |
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Fetal period |
8 weeks to birth prenatal |
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Infancy |
Birth to 2 years- highly dependent, beginning of language, symbolic thought, sensorimotor coordination |
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Childhood |
2-12 years |
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Early childhood |
2-6 years- fund. Motor skills, movement awareness |
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Late childhood |
6-12 years- motor skill refinement, growth rate decreases |
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Adolescence |
12-18 years- landmark, puberty, increased height and weight |
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Adulthood |
3 stages Young adulthood- 18-40 Middle - 40-60 Older- 60+ |
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Developmental continuum |
Overlapping characteristics Development is continuous |
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Reflexive/spontaneous |
movement (prenatal- 6 months) Phased out as voluntary control increases |
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Rudimentary movement |
Birth- 2 years Voluntary movement- crawling, creeping, walking |
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Fundamental movement |
2-6 years Outgrowth of rudimentary 30+ skills emerge (turn, twist, bend, throw, kick) Body awareness |
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Sport skill |
6-12 years Fundamentals more refined Ability to learn and practice |
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Growth and refinement |
12-18 years Puberty- hormones increase, increased muscular size/ skeletal growth |
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Peak performance |
25-30 years Peak physio. Function/ max motor performance Increased strength, cardio resp endurance, and processing speed |
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Regression |
After age 30 Lose 1%/ year of physio./neurological factors Decreased flexibility and muscle mass Increased body fat |
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2 factors of heredity |
Genetic makeup Environment |
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Gene |
Unit of heredity within chromosomes 1 cell contains 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) |
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DNA |
Contains genetic code Contains history of genes spanning generations Determine blood type, eye color, intelligence, height, etc. |
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Mitosis |
Cell division DNA unzips, forms sep. strands, reproduces |
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RNA- ribonucleic acid |
DNA embedded into RNA |
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Human genome project |
Researchers believed the body contained 100k genes Later determined to contain 20-25k genes Identified which genes control traits or behaviors |
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Genotype |
All of genetic inheritance Disease prone (diabetes, arthritis) |
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Phenotype |
Observable characteristics and behaviors Hair color, eye color |
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Nervous system |
Most important system 1. Sensory function 2. Integrative function (memory/thought) 3. Motor function |
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2 parts of nervous system |
Central nervous system (CNS)- Brain and spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS)- nerve fibers |
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Spinal cord |
Acts as a pathway for input and response of info processing |
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Brainstem |
Involuntary motion, reflexes |
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Medulla |
Regulates BP, Respiration, HR |
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Pons |
Coordination |
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Mid-brain |
Reflex movements caused by visual/auditory stimulation |
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Diencephalon 2 parts |
Thalamus- sensory information passes through- smell, pressure Hypothalamus- neural and hormonal functions maintain homeostasis |
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Reticular formation |
Attention, cognition, motor activity |
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Cerebral cortex |
Outer layer of cerebrum Contains 75% of all neurons in CNS Critical thinking and info. Processing Fine motor skills |
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Basal ganglia |
Inner layer of cerebrum Planning/coordinating movements Unconscious behavior (muscle tone) Gross body movements |
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Cerebellum |
Coordinated sequences in complex movements (approach in volleyball) |
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PNS 2 parts |
Somatic- controls skeletal muscles, voluntary control Autonomic- controls internal organs and smooth muscle- involuntarubcintrol |
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Nerve fibers |
Afferent- sensory info to spinal cord Efferent- motor impulse from brain to limbs |
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Neurons |
Nerve cell, basic unit of CNS Impulses travel down neurons to relay info |
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Synapse |
Connection between an axon and another neuron |
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Neuromuscular unit (motor unit) |
Contains the neuron and all muscle fibers innervated by it |
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Cell proliferation |
Immature neurons become targeted for their role in CNS Neurons migrate and integrate with other neurons |
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Cell differentiation |
Myelin sheath develops (fatty covering over nerve fibers to allow for smoother communication between neurons) Known as myelination |
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Cell death |
40-75% of neurons die during steps of CNS development Only strong survive |
