Motivation And Emotion-Chapter 8

Front 1

motivation

Back 1

the biological, emotional, or social forces that activate and direct behavior

Front 2

instinct theories

Back 2

the view that certain human behaviors are innate and due to evolutionary programming

Front 3

drive theories

Back 3

behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs

Front 4

homeostasis

Back 4

states that the body monitors and maintains internal states, such as body temperature and energy supplies, at relatively constant levels; the tendency to reach or maintain equilibrium

Front 5

drive

Back 5

a need or internal motivational state that activities behavior to reduce the need and restore homeostasis

Front 6

incentive theories

Back 6

proposed that behavior is motivated by the "pull" of external goals, such as rewards, money, or recognition

Front 7

arousal theory

Back 7

people are motivated to maintain a level of arousal associated with varied and novel activities

Front 8

sensation seeking

Back 8

the degree to which an individual is motivated to experience high levels of sensory and physical arousal associated with varied and novel activities

Front 9

humanistic theories of motivation

Back 9

emphasizes the importance of psychological and cognitive factors in motivation, especially the notion that people are motivated to realize thier personal potential

Front 10

glucose

Back 10

simple sugar that provides energy and is primarily produced by the conversion of carbohydrates and fats

Front 11

insulin

Back 11

hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood levels of glucose and signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behavior

Front 12

basal metabolic rate(BMI)

Back 12

when the body is at rest, the rate at which it uses energy for vital functions, such as heartbeat and respiration

Front 13

adipose tissue

Back 13

body fat is the main source of stored, or reserve, energy

Front 14

energy homeostasis

Back 14

the long-term matching of food intake to energy expenditure

Front 15

ghrelin

Back 15

hormone manufactured primarily by the stomach that stimulates appetite and the secretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland

Front 16

positive incentive value

Back 16

the anticipated pleasure of consuming a particular food; the expectation of pleasure or satisfaction in performing a particular behavior

Front 17

satiation

Back 17

feeling of fullness and diminished desire to eat that accompanies eating a meal

Front 18

cholecystokinin(CCK)

Back 18

hormone secreted by the small intestine that promotes satiation

Front 19

sensory-specific satiety

Back 19

the reduced desire to continue consuming a particular food

Front 20

leptin

Back 20

hormone produced by fat cells that signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behavior

Front 21

neuropeptide Y (NPY)

Back 21

neurotransmitter found in several brain areas(hypothalamus) that stimulates eating behavior and reduces metabolism, promoting positive energy balance and weight gain

Front 22

set-point theory

Back 22

proposes the body has a natural or optimal body weight(set-point weight) that the body defends from becoming higher or lower by regulating feelings of hunger and body metabolism

Front 23

settling-point models

Back 23

suggests that body weight settles, or stabilizes, around the point at which there is balance between the factors influencing energy intake and energy expenditure

Front 24

body mass index(BMI)

Back 24

a numerical scale indicating adult height in relation to weight

Front 25

obese

Back 25

condition characterized by excessive body fat and a body mass index egual to or greater than 30.0

Front 26

cafeteria diet effect

Back 26

the tendency to eat more when a wide variety of palatable foods is available

Front 27

leptin resistance

Back 27

a condition in which higher-than-normal blood levels of the hormone leptin do no produce the expected physiological response

Front 28

weight cycling

Back 28

repeated cycles of dieting, weight loss, and weight regain; yo-yo dieting

Front 29

sexual orientation

Back 29

the direction of a person's emotional and erotic attraction toward members of the opposite sex, the same sex, or both sexes

Front 30

hierarchy of needs

Back 30

Maslow believed that people are motivated to satisfy the needs at each level of the hierarchy before moving up to the next level

Front 31

self-actualization

Back 31

defined by Maslow's as a person's "full use and exploitation of talents, capacities, and potentialities"

Front 32

self-determination theory (SDT)

Back 32

optimal human functioning can occur only if the psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are satisfied

Front 33

intrinsic motivation

Back 33

the desire to engage in tasks that the person finds inherently satisfying and enjoyable, novel, or optimally challenging

Front 34

extrinsic motivation

Back 34

external factors or influences on behavior, such as rewards, consequences, or social expectations

Front 35

competence motivation

Back 35

the desire to direct your behavior toward demonstrating competence and exercising control in a situation

Front 36

achievement motivation

Back 36

the drive to excel, succeed, or outperform others at some task

Front 37

thematic appreception test(TAT)

Back 37

a projective test developed by Henry Murray and his collegues that involves creating stories about ambiguous scenes that can be interpreted in a variety of ways

Front 38

emotion

Back 38

a complex psychological state that involves subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response

Front 39

emotional intelligence

Back 39

capacity to understand and manage your own emotional experiences and to perceive, comprehend, and respond appropriately to the emotional responses of others

Front 40

basic emotions

Back 40

the most fundamental set of emotion categories, which are biologically innate, evolutionarily determined, and culturally universal

Front 41

interpersonal engagement

Back 41

emotion dimension reflecting the degree to which emotions involve a relationship with another person or other people

Front 42

amygdala

Back 42

almond-shaped cluster of neurons in the brain's temporal lobe, involved in memory and emotional responses, especially fear

Front 43

anthropomorphism

Back 43

the attribution of human traits, motives, emotions, or behaviors to nonhuman animals or inanimate objects

Front 44

display rules

Back 44

social and cultural regulations governing emotional expression, especially facial expressions

Front 45

James-Lange theory of emotion

Back 45

the theory that emotions arise from the perception of body changes

Front 46

facial feedback hypothesis

Back 46

the view that expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, causes the subjective experience of that emotion

Front 47

two-factor theory of emotion

Back 47

emotion is the interaction of physiological arousal and the cognitive label that we apply to explain the arousal

Front 48

cognitive appraisal theory of emotion

Back 48

the theory that emotional responses are triggered by a cognitive evaluation