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34 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

instinct

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

drive-reduction theory

the idea that a physiological beed creates an aroused tension state(a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need



homeostasis

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level

incentive

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

hierarchy of needs

Maslow's pyramid if human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and the psychological needs become active.

glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues(when glucose is low, hunger sets in)

set point

the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and lowered metabolic rate may act to restore lost weight

basal metabolic rate

the body's resting rate of energy expenditure

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person(usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly(15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feels fat and continues to starve

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

binge-eating disorder

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

sexual response cycle

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson- excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

refractory period

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

estrogens

sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to the female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity

testosterone

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both male and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

sexual orientation

an enduring sexual attraction towards members of either one's own sex(homosexual orientation) or the other sex(heterosexual orientation)



chain migration

Process of movement from immigrants’ homelands that builds upon networks of familiar social relationships to construct neighborhood or communities within in the new places of habitation that reflect the cultural norms and societal expectations of the homelands

ghrelin

a hormone produced in the body that stimulates appetite, secreted by an empty stomach



heritability

capable of being received (a genetic character) by the transmission of hereditary factors.

metabolism

the sum of the physical and chemical processes in an organism by which its material substance is produced, maintained, and destroyed, and by which energy is made available

obestatin

hormone that sends out a fullness signal that surpasses hunger



Leptin

protein that is secreted by fat cells and acts to diminish the rewarding pleasure of food

Hypothalamus

performs various body maintenance function, including control of hunger.



Orexin

Hunger-triggering hormones secreted by the hypothalamus

PYY

Digest tract hormone; send "I'm not hungry" signals to the brain



Settling Point

a preferred term for indicating the level at which a person's weight settles in response to caloric intake and expenditure(which are influenced by both environment and biology)

Neophobia

dislike for unfamiliar things; relates to food because of ancestral adaption for protection against potentially toxic substances

Social Facilitation

the presence of others tends to amplify our natural behavior tendencies; we eat more when surrounded by other people who are eating

Unit Bias

tendency to mindlessly eat more when portions are larger

Optium Arousal Theory

humans seek an optium level of arousal, if overstiumlated we seek to decrease stimulation. if understimulated we seek to increase stimulation

Sexual Motivation

1. reproduce2. relieve tension3. pleasure4. form social bonds

lateral hypothalamus

desire to eat

ventromedial hypothalamus

feeling of fullness