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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define: communication |
the process by which info and meaning is transferred from a sender to a receiver |
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Explain the "Communication Process One" |
1. Info goes to a sender 2. Sender encodes the info, using verbal/written language and perhaps non-verbal cues 3. Message is created 4. Message is decoded by the receiver, to form an understanding of the info it contains 5. Receiver understands the message |
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Define: face-to-face communication |
the exchange of information and meaning that occurs when one or more individuals are physically present, and without the aid of any mediating technology - "the gold standard of communication" |
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What are some advantages of face-to-face communication? |
- natural and immediate - verbal and non-verbal qualities, which makes the communication more rich - tends to engage more human senses than mediated communication |
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Define: verbal communication |
a form of communication in which messages are sent and received using written/spoken language ex. reading, writing, speaking, listening - the primary way organizational members communicate |
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Define- non-verbal communication |
any form of information exchange that doesn't involve spoken or written words - ones deliberate or unconscious use of body language to convey meaning ex. inflection/tone/volume of voice, hand gestures, facial expression, smell, appearance |
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How much of a messages meaning is conveyed by body language? |
70%-90% |
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What type of cues do we use to evaluate the quality of our relationships? Why? |
non-verbal - during face-to-face exchanges, receivers tend to see non-verbal messages as more credible, believable and trustworthy sources of info - especially when theres a discrepancy between verbal and non-verbal messages |
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Define: computer mediated technology |
the exchange of info and meaning using an electronic/digital medium |
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Define- Web 2.0 |
websites and applications through which users actively interact/create/collaborate/communicate |
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What are the types of computer-mediated communication? |
- videoconferencing - corporate wikis - social network applications |
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What are some disadvantages of email? |
-lacks richness -hard to interpret the messages -lacks non-verbal cues to convey feelings -extensive use can adversely impact relationships -as use of email increases, use of other forms of info decrease - volume of emails contributes to overload |
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How can people manage their emails more efficiently? |
i)use labelling and filing capabilities of your email ii)use delete button iii) unsubscribe to websites that send regular promo materials iv) limit your time on email |
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What are some advantages of video-conferencing? |
-beneficial for travellers -easy to use/ task-oriented -cost efficient -good for tasks that require simple info exchanges, cooperative problem solving, or making routine decisions |
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What are some disadvantages of video conferencing? |
-reduced awareness of social dynamics -less effective for tasks that require more conversation bandwidth |
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Define: corporate wiki |
highly flexible Web 2.0 application that allows people to quickly exchange verbal info, and collaboratively solve problems/learn/manage projects and create knowledge |
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What is the difference between corporate wikis and blogs? |
corporate wikis allow people to edit or delete written content |
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Explain reasons for positivity and negativity from users |
positivity from users: exciting/engaging opportunity to communicate with others negativity from users: risk of exposing incompetence |
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What are some advantages of social networks applications? |
-highly interactive, conversational -greatly enhance exchange of verbal info -connect people and ideas -aligns HR functions with strategic goals - supports psychological environment in which technical activities occur by strengthening emotional links between people and increasing feelings of empowerment |
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Define: communicator competence |
ability of communicators to encode and interpret messages - the communication process assumes that people have this |
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Communication Process: Potential Issues Define- noise |
the disturbing or distracting stimuli that block or interfere with the transmission of a message - face to face communication is particularly sensitive to this - if there is noise, both parties must be willing to put in extra effort |
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Communication Process: Potential Issues Define- information richness and explain appropriate timing of richness |
the amount and depth of the info transmitted in a message -high info richness is preferable when the situation/task at hand is complex -high info richness may overcomplicate the process when the task at hand is simple |
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Communication Process: Potential Issues Define: gender differences |
refers to the ways men and women tend to process and interpret info/ communicate with others |
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Explain the difference between how men and women tend to communicate with others |
men- use a style that helps them achieve and maintain status/power/independence women- use a style that builds and strengthens their relationships - these differences can lead to misunderstandings between male and female team members, and often faulty inferences about each others confidence and competence |
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Define: privacy |
a state in which individuals can express themselves without being observed, recorded or disturbed by other unauthorized individuals/groups |
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Which messages will be more guarded a) messages sent via computer-mediated communication b) messages sent via face to face communication |
messages sent via computer mediated communication |
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List 5 things you do to protect yourself on social media sites? |
i) read privacy policies ii) find out if you can join a closed network iii) choose the most restrictive privacy setting iv) think before you post v) REMEMBER even sites with extensive privacy options may be required to make your personal info available to certain authorized persons |
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Formal Communication Define: vertical and horizontal channels of communication |
vertical channels- information flowing along lines of authority and reporting relationships horizontal channels- information flowing between people who work at the same level within the organization but in different functional areas |
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Formal Communication Define: upward and downward communication |
- they are both types of vertical communication downward communication- flows from the top to the bottom upward- flows from the bottom to the top |
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Formal Communication What are some disadvantages of downward communication? |
- volume of info flowing from top of organization requires managers at each level to process and filter the info they pass down - notoriously slow, in part because of the filtering at each level |
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Formal Communication What are some problems with upward communication? |
- there is often risk associated with sending messages to a superior; only when people feel they can trust their superior with open and honest feedback will this approach be effective - can be politically motivated and used as an incentive tactic; the best way to improve the willingness of employees to communicate upward is to enhance the quality of downward communication |
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Define: communication network |
the ways number of a team or work unit typically interact and exchange messages - they are organized in terms of their centralization, or degree to which the communication flows through some members rather than others |
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Formal Communication Networks Define: all channel network structure |
any member can receive and send messages from any others - info is shared equally - members can verify the accuracy of messages received ex. student teams |
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Formal Communication Networks Define: Circle Network Structure |
members send and receive messages from individuals who are immediately adjacent to them - messages flows in a serial manner - concern: if at any point the message becomes distorted/embellished, because this structure doesn't allow members to check/verify the content of the messages with non-adjacent members in the networks ex. the game telephone |
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Formal Communication Networks Define: Chain network Structure |
information is passed from member to member, from one end of the chain to the other - fairly typical in hierarchal organizational structures - relies on each intervening member to faithfully pass along the message weakness: receiver is completely dependent on the adjacent person for info |
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Formal Communication Networks Define: Y Network Structure |
-information flows through a single member -one member controls the flow of info between one set of members (who might interact) and other - different from wheel because, communication is allowed between certain members
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Formal Communication Networks Define: Wheel Network Structure |
-information flows through a single member
- there is little or no direct formal communication between the "spokes" - the person occupying the central position within the wheel controls all info flow and communication and decides who retrieves info and who doesn't |
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Formal Communication Networks When is it good to use centralized vs de-centralized network structures? |
Centralized: when the work is simple and straightforward Decentralized: when the work is complex and difficult to understand |
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Formal Communication Networks Do employees generally prefer centralized or de-centralized communication networks? |
decentralized, because they they feel "in the loop" |
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Communication Networks Define: Informal communication networks |
spontaneous and emergent patters of communication that result from the choices individuals make on their own - these networks tend to be rooted in personal friendships, physical proximity and shared interests |
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Informal Communication Networks Define: grapevine |
the primary informal communication network within an organization, used by people to circulate info about their work or other people - informal and unofficial messages travel freely - the configuration seems to be very random, unsystematic and arbitrary - source can be difficult to locate - this info travels very fast (especially bad news) - it is about 75% accurate info - this info comes without a "paper trail" |
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Informal Communication Networks Define: rumours |
messages that travel along the grapevine that lack evidence as to their truth or validity - might be informational or personal in nature - when rumours are spread about people, we call this "gossip" |
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Informal Communication Networks Define: gossip |
informal and evaluative talk in an organization, usually among not more than a few individuals, about another member of that organization who is not present |
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How does supervisor feedback influence job performance? |
WEAK POSITIVE |
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How does supervisor feedback influence organizational commitment? |
STRONG POSITIVE - stronger for normative and affective commitment |
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What is the application of communication in an organization? |
Interviewing |
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Define: job interview |
a conversation initiated by one or more persons to gather info and evaluate the qualifications of an applicant for a job - in short, interviews are a decision making tool - misunderstandings at any point during the communication process potentially impacts the impassions and inferences of all the parties |
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Define: reliability |
the extent to which the selection procedure is free from random error |
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Define- predictive validity |
the extent to which the selection procedure predicts future job performance |
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How can organizations improve reliability and predictive validity? |
-with structured interviews, rather than unstructured; using a standardized set of questions with established scoring keys, and questions that are job relevant |
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Interviews Define: behavioural description interviews |
applicants are told about important job attributes of the role they're applying for and then asked to reflect upon their past work experience and describe behaviours that demonstrate the attribute in question - they probe PAST behaviours |
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Interviews Define: situational interviews |
present several realistic job scenarios that each involve a dilemma that needs to be resolved; applicants are asked to express their true intentions in the situation - they probe FUTURE behaviours |
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Interviews How do non-verbal behaviours play a role in hiring process? |
whether the "body language answers" support or undermine the verbal responses interviewers will often use nonverbal cues to make inferences about a candidates assertiveness, motivation, self-confidence, enthusiasm and sociability |
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Interviews What are the 3 categories of nonverbal cues, according to Dr. Ronald Riggio? |
1. Poise- confidence, comfortability 2. Interest 3. Expressiveness- exhibit positive energy and emotion |
