Molecular - Molecular Biology

Front 1

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

Back 1

DNA-->RNA-->Protein
DNA can be copied to DNA (DNA replication), DNA information can be copied into mRNA (transcription), and proteins can be synthesized using the information in mRNA as a template (translation)

Front 2

What is transcription?

Back 2

mRNAs need to be transcribed (copies of the blueprints made from the DNA)

Front 3

What is translation?

Back 3

Proteins are then synthesized (the information in the blueprints is put to use in the form of proteins)

Front 4

What are prokaryotes?

Back 4

A group of organisms that lack a cell nucleus (= karyon) or any other membrane-bound organelles.

Most are unicellular

The word prokaryote comes from the Greek πρό- (pro-) "before" + καρυόν (karyon) “nut or kernel"

Front 5

What is the structure of prokaryotes?

Back 5

Single, circular chromosome in nucleoid.
No membrane bound organelles (mitochondria, vacuoles).
Transcription and translation occur simultaneously in cell cytosol.
Cell membrane made of phospholipids and proteins.
Rigid cell wall.

Front 6

What is the genome structure of prokaryotes?

Back 6

Single circular chromosome (exceptions)
One origin of replication
Gene sequences same as mRNA sequences
Polycistronic genes - Cistron: an old name for a gene
Polycistronic mRNA carries the information of several genes, which are translated into several proteins)
Coupled transcription/translation.

Front 7

What are eukaryotes?

Back 7

An organism enos cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes.
The membrane-bound structure that sets eukaryotic cells in the nucleus, within what the genetic material in carried.

Front 8

What is the structure of eukaryotes?

Back 8

single cell or multicellular organisms - complex structures.
The membrane bound cytoplasm and the nucleus - eukaryotic cells are surrounded by a cytoplasmic membrane which encloses the cytoplasm and the nucleus

Front 9

What is a nucleus?

Back 9

The largest organelle in the cell which is surrounded by a double membrane nuclear envelope
The nucleoplasm is the fluid within the nucleus suspending the chromosomes and nucleoli
It contains most of the cellular DNA and the site of synthesis of cellular RNA

Front 10

What is the nucleolus?

Back 10

A small spherical body found within the nucleus.
Nucleoli contains ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and many copies of the genes that encode rRNA.
Transcription of rRNA takes place in the nucleoli, as does the assembly of ribosomal subunits.

Front 11

What is the mitochondrion and where is it located?

Back 11

Located within the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cell
Bound by double membrane
contains enzymes the drive TCA cycle, respiratory chain, and oxidative phosphorylation.
Oxidation of fatty acids and glucose generates most cellular ATP - energy.
CELL POWERHOUSE!

Front 12

What are ribosomes?

Back 12

Large proteins/rRNA complexes that are the site of protein synthesis using mRNA.

Front 13

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum and what does it do?

Back 13

Rough ER participates in synthesis and processing of proteins destined to be secreted or associated with membranes.

Front 14

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Back 14

Lacks ribosomes and is where lipids are synthesized.

Front 15

What are vesicles?

Back 15

Small membrane bound sacs in eukaryotes used for transport.

Front 16

What are lysosomes?

Back 16

bound by single membrane and contain hydrolytic enzymes. pH 4-5. collaborate with vesicles.

Front 17

What is the golgi complex/apparatus?

Back 17

Packaging, processing station for molecular trafficking among parts of the cell.It is a system of folded membranes arranged like stacks involved in the sorting of proteins and lipids destined for other cellular compartments or secretion.
Proteins are transported from the rough ER to the Golgi in small membrane vesicles.

Front 18

What is a vacuole?

Back 18

Storage compartment. Store water, ions, waste products, sucrose and nitrogen containing compounds.

Front 19

What is cytosol?

Back 19

The fluid compartment in the cell cytoplasm, not contained in membrane-bound organelles.
Consists of cytoskeletal elements such as microfilaments and microtubules
Cytoskeletal fibers provide strength and rigidity, and control cell movement and chromosomal movement during cell division

Front 20

What is the plasma membrane?

Back 20

lipid bilayer with associated proteins and is the boundary of cell.
Allows oxygen, carbon dioxide and water to diffuse
Impermeable to most molecules such as sugars, amino acids, potassium, chloride and sodium ions which enter the cell through channels or transport proteins
Contains many proteins which are involved in inter- and intracellular communicati

Front 21

Animals cells secrete an extracellular or intracellular matrix?

Back 21

Extra

Front 22

What is the extracellular matrix composed of?

Back 22

Collagen, glycosaminoglycans for connective tissues, and adhesion proteins.
Structural support ans signaling to surrounding cells

Front 23

What tissues contain more extracellular matrix than other cells?

Back 23

Bone and connective tissues such as cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.

Front 24

What type of organisms process an eukaryotic cell wall?

Back 24

Plants, many protists, fungi, archer, and many bacteria

Front 25

What are characteristics of eukaryotic genome structure?

Back 25

Multiple linear chromosomes
Multiple origins per chromosome
Interrupted coding sequences (introns and exons)
Monocistronic genes - One gene contains the genetic information to translate only a single protein
Spacially separated transcription and translation

Front 26

What is a virus?

Back 26

Simple intracellular parasites that cannot replicate on their own
Consist of either a DNA or RNA genome
Surrounded by a protein coat (capsid)
May have a lipid envelope that surrounds the capsid

Front 27

Virus replication depends on what?

Back 27

Host cell metabolism

Front 28

What are viruses that infect bacteria called?

Back 28

bacteriophages

Front 29

Which viruses can integrate their genetic material into the host genome?

Back 29

DNA viruses

Front 30

RNA viruses must first do what before they are considered pathogenic?

Back 30

RNA viruses must first make a DNA copy of the RNA strand this is called complementary DNA (cDNA).
An enzyme called reverse transcriptase has the ability to make a DNA copy of RNA.