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170 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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WHATS REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE |
GO TO RNA TO DNA
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Replication occurs in the...
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nucleous
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Gene expression occurs in the
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cytoplasm
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cell phase where replication occurs?
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S phase
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cell phase where gene expression occurs?
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interphase
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drugs that inhibit s phase
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metotrexate, 5 fluoracil, hydroxyurea
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drug inhibit G2 phase?
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bleomycin
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nucleotide is formed by
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base, sugar, phosphate
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rings In purines
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2
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rings in pyrimidines
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1
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phosphate its attached to the __' end
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5
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bond joining nucleotides
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3' - 5' phosphodiestes
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Hydroxyl is at the ___' end of the chain
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3
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the nucleic acid is written by convention....
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5' - 3'
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dsDNA means?
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double stranded
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where do you see ssDNA
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certain viruses
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DNA structure characteristics
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Antyparallel
Complementary the amount of base pairing is the same |
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bonds between purines and pyrimidies
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A - T
C - G A - U (RNA) |
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Number of bases per turn?
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10
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DNA is denaturized by?
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Heat
alkaline ph chemicals urea |
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Shape of mtRNA?
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circle
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Charge of DNA
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(-)
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Topoisomerases is function
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change the amount of supercoiling
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Charge of Hystones?
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(+)
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aminoacids in hystones?
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arginine and lysine
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octamer is formed by
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2 copies of H2A H2B H3 H4
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Weight of the nucleosome?
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10 nm
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Nuclosome is formed by
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octamer bended by DNA (10 nm)
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H1 Nucleosomes with?
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30 nm
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Numbers of DNA in G1 o G0
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1 copy
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heterochromatin is...
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non gene expresable
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euchromatin is...
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gene expresable ( from DNA to 30 nm fibers)
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DNA methylation...
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makes no gene expression
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DNA acetylation and phosphorilation?
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gene expressable
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BAAR Bodies?
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Heterochormatine
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how is chromatine in M phase?
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highly condensed
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bacterial chromosome is..
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closed dsDNA
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how many origins does the Prokaryotic replication has?
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1
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How many origins does eukaryotics replication has?
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multiple
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what's a polymerase?
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enzyme that synth nuclec acis by forming PDE bonds
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exonucleases are....
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remove nucleotides backwards
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endonucleases are...
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cutting the nucleic acid and releasing fragments (Palindromes)
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does RNA polymerase require a primer?
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No
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has RNa polymerase proofreading of mistakes?
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NO
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DNA replication is high fidelity because...
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it has a exonuclease that remove miss paired nucleotides
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why RNA replication is low fidelity
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it doesn't have proofread
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Nucleic acid is synthesized in the __' - __' direction
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5' - 3' direction
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nucleic acid is scanned or red in the ___' - ___' direction
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3' - 5' direction
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what kind of dNTPs does DNA use?
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dATP
dTTP dCTP dGTP |
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helicase does...
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break H bonds to unwind and form the replication forks
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SSB protein function?
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prevents DNA to supercoil and protects him from nucleases
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Primase function?
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Synth a 10 nucleotides krnght RNA primer in the 5'-3' direction
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DNA polymerase III function?
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Start to synth DNA from the 3' end of the RNA primer
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Whats a leading strand?
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the strand that can be continually made in the 5'-3' direction
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what's a lagging strand?
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the strand that is synth discontinoulsy and has okasaki fragments
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RNAase function?
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remove the RNA fragment from the newly synth DNa.
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Can prokaryotes proofread their DNA?
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Yes (RNA is the one that can't be proofreader)
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Ligase function?
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Join the Okasaky fragments together
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DNa gyrase function?
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end the replication process by removing positive super coils and adding negative super coils..
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Quinolones, Ac. Nalidixic & etoposido have in common..
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inhibit DNA gyrase
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Telomerase function?
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Synth telomeres (Its function can be increased in cancer cell)
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Types of DNA repair (3)
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T - T dimers ( G1)
Mismatched base Cytosine Deamination |
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Thymine dimers lead to?
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Xeroderma pigmentosum by lack of excision endonuclease)
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Mismatched bases (G2) lead to?
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NON - polyposic cholorectal cancer (Mutation in hMLH 1 -2)
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Cytosine delamination (G1)
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caused spontaneously or by heat it lacks of uracyk gkycosylaae AP endonuclease
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P53 preventes cell entering which phase?
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S
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Ataxia Telabgiectasia lacks of...
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p53
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Rb factor in retinoblastoma prevents the cell to entering
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S phase
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xeroderma pigmetosum symptoms?
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Extreme UV sensibility
Freckling Skin cancers Corneal ulceration |
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If you deaminate Cytocyne get..
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Uracyl... seen in Non polyposis cholorectak cancer (Lynch Syndrome)
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start signals in transcription.
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Promoters.
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Types of RNA
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rRNA
mRNA tRNA hnRNA smRNA |
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RNA polymerase I Synths?
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rRNA 28s 18s y 5.8 s en el nucleolo
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RNA polymerase II synths?
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mRNA, hsRNA and snRNA in the nucleoplasm
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RNA polymerase III synths?
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tRNA, some snRNA and 5S rRNA in the nucleoplasm
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Transcription factors (TFIID) are inhibited by?
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Actino mycin
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RNA polymerase II is inhibited by?
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Alfa - amantadine a toxin from certain mushrooms)
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Prokaryotic RNA polymerase?
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RNA polymerase alfa2 - beta beta'
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mRNA is identycal but U instead of T of which strand?
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coding strand
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Prokaryotes start transcription when it sees a
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sigma factor
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TATa box is...
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a promoter of transcription
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in prokatiotes the transcription ends when...
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reach a rho factor. a GCGCGCGCG loop with UUUUUU
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What's a Shine Delgarni sequence?
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the site where the rybosome biends in the prokaryotic cell to start transcription. it can start simultaneously because prokaryotic RNA doesn't need posterior processing.
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What's a cistron?
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synonym of gene. monocistronic only codes one protein.
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Are exons and introns transcribed?
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YES
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promoter region in eukaryotic RNA production.
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TATA box and CAAT box.
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Post transcriptional processing of eukaryotic RNA (3)
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A 7- methylguanosine cap (Ribosome binding)
A poly A tail (Protects from degradation) Splicig of introns (by spliceosomes) |
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Prokaryotic Rybosome subunits?
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50 & 30 and form 70s rybosome
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Eukaryotic rybosome subunits?
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60s & 40s form the 80s
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in which part of the cell is the rRNA synth?
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nucleolus
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Shiva toxin mechanism of action?
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inactivates the 28s in the 60s subunit this prevents the aminoacyk TRNA binding to the ribosome
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Summary of RNA in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic RNA Synth
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the genetic code is...
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Universal
Degenerate Unambiguos |
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Initiation codon?
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AUG
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Stop Codons
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UAG
UGA UAA |
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Amino acid start in prokaryotes?
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Formylmethionine
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the genetic code is unambiguous because...
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each codon specifies no more than one aminoacid
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the genetic code is degenerate because...
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More than one codon can specify a single amino acid
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Amino acids with one codon only
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Methionine - Tryptophan
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Transition is...
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a mutation that replaces a purine or pyrimidine by a purine or a pyrimidine itself
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Transversion is...
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a mutation that replaces a purine for a pyrimidine and vice versa
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type of genetic code mutations
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TYPE: EFFECT:
Silent. (Non) Missense (Decrease in function, var) Nonsense (Shorter, non functional) Frameshift (Non functional, short) Deletion (Non fuctionc - Meiosis) Splice site (Variable) Triple repeat expansion (Longer uneatable) |
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Large segmented deletions happens in
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Meiosis E.G alfa-thalassemia
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Splicing sites mutation example:
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Beta - Talassemia
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Examples of Trinucleotide repeat expansion
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Huntington disease
Fragile X Myotonis dystrophy |
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Enzyme in charge of leading the aminoacid into the 3' end of the tRNA
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aminoacyl tRNA synthetase (Its her fault if the wrong aa is paired in the tRNA)
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Aminoacids tail that suggest Huntington?
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Lots of Guanine
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What's a peptide bond?
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the union between amino acids in the rybosome
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Translation occurs in the
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cytoplasm
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Phases of Translation?
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Initiation
Elongation Termination |
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in which subunit of the rybosome does transcription begins?
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Small subunit (Initially in the P side, other amino acids in the A site)
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Enzyme that makes the peptide bond?
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Peptidyl Transferase
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Factor related in the translocation from the A site to the P site of the rybosome?
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EF - 2 (Inhibited by pseudomona and C. Diphteria
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tetracycline in transcription.
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Binds to the A site of the rybosome inhibiting transcription.
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Cloramphenicol in the transcription process?
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Inhibits the peptidyl transferace
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Gray Baby Syndrome?
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Baby is given cloranphenicol and he can't metabolize it yet ---> inhibition of peptyldil transferase
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Protein folding..
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Primary (amino acid sequence)
Secundary (Alfa helix - beta plated) Terciary (Combination of secundary) Cuaternary ( Multiple subunits) |
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Types of proteins that are translated in the RER?
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Sexcrete proteins Proteins of membrane Lysosomal enzymes |
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Proteins translated by free cytoplasmic ribosomes?
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Cytoplasmic proteins
Mitochondrial proteins |
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Chaperones function?
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chaperones help to maintain the folding of a protein (Alfa - 1 - antitripsin)
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What ubiquinin does?
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Mark the protein for it destruction in proteasomes
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Cistic Fibrosis is caused by?
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A misfolded protein CFTR interferes with its folding and pos transcriptional processing then it is being degraded by proteosomes
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N - terminal on a protein makes her...
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go to the rybosome to complete her pos transcription processing
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Phosphorilation of mannose residues makes an enzyme
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go to the lysosome (This lacks on I-Cell disease)
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Before leaving N - Terminal proteins need to go to _____ to continue its processing
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RER (lumen) then Golgi
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O- Link amino acids?
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serine - threonine
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N - linked aminocid
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asparagine
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Function of Alfa 1 antitrypsin?
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chaperone, inhibitor of proteasomes .
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Glycosilation occurs im?
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Golgi
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I - Cell disease lacks of
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phosphotransferace
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Amino acid that repeats on the collagen structure
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Glycin
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unique amino acid in collagen
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Hydroxyprolin
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Collagen structure
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Triple helix
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Elements needed in collagen synth
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02 and Cu by lysil oxidese
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Collagen synth?
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Disorders in collagen biosynthesis
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Scurvy |
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TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR ARE... |
PROTEINS THE BINDS TO THE ENHANCER OR PROMOTER REGION |
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FUNCTION OF LYSIL RESIDUES |
EXPOSE THE NUCLEOSOME TO TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. |
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EXAMPLES OF ENHANCERS |
GRE, CRE, ERE |
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EXAMPLE OF PROMOTERS |
CCAAT BOX THAT BINDS TO TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NF1
GC RICH SEQUENCE THAT THAT BINDS TO THE GENERAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR |
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PLACES WHERE WE FIND ENHANCERs |
UPSTREAM, DOWNSTREAM, WHITIN INTRON OF THE GENE. |
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EXAMPLE OF ZINC FINGERS RECEPTOR |
STEROID RECEPTOR (GRE)
PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR (PPRES) LIPIDS MET |
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EXAMPLE OF LEUCINE ZIPPER |
CAMP RESPONSE (CREB) |
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EXAMPLE OF REL DOMAINS |
NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA (INMUNE) |
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EXAMPLE OF HELIZ TURN HELIX |
HOMEODOMAIN PROTEIN (GENE EXPRESSION) |
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GENERAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS BINDS TO.... |
PROMOTER REGION.. |
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ESPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS BINDS TO.. |
ENHANCER REGION.. |
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EXAMPLES OF GENERAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR |
TFIDD SP 1 NF 1 |
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CORTISOL AND GLUCACON CAN HELP IN THE GENE EXPRESSION OF.... |
PEPCL GENE ( PHOSPHOENOL PYRUVATE CARBOXY KINASE) |
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KLEIN WAARDENBER SYNDROME |
LACK OF HOMEODOMAIN PROTEINS> PAX 3 COURSES WITH DYSTOPIA CANTHORUM, PIGMENTARY ABNOR,ALITIES, CONGENITAL DEAFNESS, LIMB ABNORMALITIES |
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MUTATIONS IN SONIC HEDGEHOG |
HOLOPROSENCEPHALY |
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PATHWAYS OF RECOMBINANT DNA |
RECOMBINANT PROTEINS (INDUCE GENE EXPRESSION)
CLONED DNA (LARGE AMOUNT, HOMOGENEOUS) |
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DNA ENDONUCLEASES CUT IN... |
PALINDROME SECTIONS |
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RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASES ARE ISOLATED FROM |
BACTERIA |
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CHRACTERISTIC OF THE VECTOR IN RECOMBINANT DNA |
IT MUST BE CAPABLE OF AUTONOMOUS REPLICATION
AT LEAST ONE PALINDROME RECOGNIZED BY THE ENDONUCLEASE
AT LEAST ONE GENE FOR ATB RESISTANCE |
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THE COLLECTION OF DNA IN THE GENOMIC PROJECT IS CALLED |
GENOMIC LABRARY |
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GENOMIC LIBRARY IS USED TO IDENTIFY |
PROTEIN CODES RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASE SITE GENETIC MARKERS NON EXPRESSED DNA |
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TO OBTAIN GENE EXPRESSION IN DNA RECOMBINANT TECHNICHE YOU MUST USE |
cDNA BY REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION. |
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DOES cDNA CONTAIN INTROS |
NO. IT COMES FROM MATURE DNA |
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cDNA IS... |
A REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION OF MATURE RNA TO USED TO:
SEQUENCE SPECIFIC GENES AND IDENTIFY DISEASE CAUSE MUTATIONS
PRODUCE RECOMBINANT PROTEINS CONDUCT GENE REPLACEMENT THERAPY PRODUCE TRANSGENIC ANIMAL |
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cDNA EXPRESSION LIBRARIES ARE USED TO: |
SEQUENCE SPECIFIC GENES AND IDENTIFY DISEASE CAUSE MUTATIONS
PRODUCE RECOMBINANT PROTEINS CONDUCT GENE REPLACEMENT THERAPY PRODUCE TRANSGENIC ANIMAL |
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GENOMIC DNA CONTAINS |
ENTIRE NUCLEAR DNA |
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EXPRESSION LIBRARIES CONTAINS |
CONTAINS CDNA CORRESPONDINGTO GENES EXPRESSED IN TISSUES ONLY |
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SMALLER MOLECULES ARE SEEN IN WHICH PART OF THE GEL |
BOTTOM, TRAVELS FASTER. |
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SOUTHERN BLOT IS USED TO |
ANALYZE DNA WITH 32 P .DNA PROBE AND DETERMINE WICH RESTRICTION FRAGMENTES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A PARTICULAR GENE |
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NORTHERN BLOT IS USED TO |
ANALYZE RNA WITH 32 P- DNA PROBE TO MESURE SIZE AND AMOUNTS OF SPECIFIC mRNA MOLECULES TO ANWER QUESTIONS ABOUT GENE EXPRESSION |
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WESTERN BLOT IS USED TO |
ANALYZE PROTEINS EN USE A 125 I OR ENZYME LINKED PROBE TO MEASURE AMOUNT OF ANTIGEN OR ANTYBODY (PROTEINS) |
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DOT BLOT IS USED TO |
ANALYZE RNA, DNA, OR PROTEIN WITH BLOTS AND SEE IF THE ARE PRESENT OR NOT. |
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TEST USED TO SEE VIRAL LOADSOF HIV |
RT PCR |
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TEST USED TO DETECT EARLY INFECTION OF HIV |
PCR |
