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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definitions/terminology |
Visible haematuria (VH) - macroscopic (red urine) Non-visible haematuria (NVH) - Dipstick positive - Symptomatic non-visible haematuria (s-NVH) - Asymptomatic non-visible haematuria (a-NVH) |
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Causes - general |
UTI, bladder tumours, urinary tract stones, urethritis, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and prostate cancer 5% aNVH have malignancy |
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Investigations |
Plasma creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) Urological referral Nephrological referral once urological referral ruled out |
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Renal cancer overview |
Classic triad of haematuria, loin pain and loin mass is not often seen now. Normally asymptomatic and diagnosed with US Surgery |
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Renal stones overview |
Renal calculi are formed when the urine is supersaturated with salt and minerals such as calcium oxalate Sudden severe pain CT scan Generally pass spontaneously Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) Ureteroscopy Open surgery |
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Anatomy of urinary system overview |
Kidneys - nephrons - waste products and uneeded water Hormones - EPO, renin, Calcitriol (vit D absorption) Ureters Bladder Prostate (in men) Urethra |
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Suggests a renal origin |
Hypertension, altered renal function tests, proteinuria, known previous renal problems, renal mass and glomerular red cells (red cells with irregular contours and shape) in the urine |
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Causes - infection |
Cystitis, tuberculosis, prostatitis, urethritis, schistosomiasis, infective endocarditis |
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Causes - Tumour |
Renal carcinoma, Wilms' tumour, carcinoma of the bladder, prostate cancer, urethral cancer or endometrial cancer. |
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Causes - Trauma |
Rrenal tract trauma due to accidents, catheter or foreign body, prolonged severe exercise, rapid emptying of an overdistended bladder (eg, after catheterisation for acute retention) |
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Causes - inflammation |
Glomerulonephritis, Henoch-Schönlein purpura, IgA nephropathy, Goodpasture's syndrome, polyarteritis, post-irradiation |
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Causes - Structural |
Calculi (renal, bladder, ureteric), simple cysts, polycystic renal disease, congenital vascular anomalies |
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Causes - Haematological |
Sickle cell disease, coagulation disorders, anticoagulation therapy.Surgery: invasive procedures to the prostate or bladder |
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Causes - Toxins |
Sulfonamides, cyclophosphamide, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs |
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NICE guidelines for cancer referral |
Bladder or renal cancer: haematuria (visible and unexplained) either without UTI or that persists or recurs after successful treatment of UTI (patients aged 45 and over) Bladder cancer: haematuria (non-visible and unexplained) with dysuria or raised white cell count on a blood test (patients aged 60 and over) |
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PSA test |
Not sensitive or specific Limited benefit of early intervention Causes: Enlarged prostate, inflammation, UTI or cancer |
