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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Mitosis |
Cell division that results in identical cells; used for growth and repair of organisms (2n) |
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Meiosis |
Cell division that results in cells that have half the normal chromosomes number (haploid gametes); called reduction division (1n) |
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Parent cell |
A diploid (pairs of homologous chromosomes) somatic cell about to enter cell division |
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Daughter cell |
: a cell that is the product of cell division. Mitosis- daughter cells are identical to parent cell. Meiosis- daughter cells are not identical to parent cell. |
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DNA |
Genetic material found contained in the nucleus in eukaryotes and loose in the cytoplasm in prokaryotes |
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Histones |
Proteins found in chromosomes that provide scaffolding for DNA to twin around so that DNA can fit within the confines space of the nucleus. |
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Chromatin |
Long fibres containing DNA, RNA and proteins. These fibres form chromosomes when they coil around histones. |
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Centromere |
A 'button' that holds the two identical sister chromatids together after the S phase of interphase and through mitosis until anaphase. |
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Somatic cell |
Name given to any of the cells of a multicellular organism |
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Autosomes |
The 22 homologous pairs seen in a karyotype; have nothing to do with gender |
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Sex chromosomes |
The last (twenty-third) pair of chromosomes seen in a karyotype that determines the gender. |
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Allele |
A different form of the same gene occurring on a homologous chromosome. |
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diploid |
A cell that contains two pairs of every chromosome |
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Polyploid |
A cell that contains more than two homologous chromosomes |
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Karyotype |
A picture of all the chromosomes of a cell arranged in homologous pairs according to size, centromere position and banding pattern. Used to diagnose abnormalities and determination of sex chromosomes |
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INTERPHASE |
Longest period of the cell cycle when the cell is actively growing and metabolizing. 3 phases: G1 phase , S phase and G2 phase |
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The cell is actively growing and undergoing metabolism and protein synthesis, cells grow quickly |
G1 PHASE |
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DNA replication occurs in preparation for upcoming mitosis; produces sister chromatids |
S PHASE |
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The cell continues growing , metabolizing and carrying out protein synthesis |
G2 PHASE |
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Mitosis |
Division of genetic material and contents of the nucleus into two complete and separate sets |
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Cytokinesis |
Division of the cytoplasm and organelles into two separate sets |
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M PHASE |
Together mitosis and cytokinesis form two new daughter cells with the same genetic info as the parents. |
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Density-dependent inhibition |
A property of normal cells that allows mitosis to occur only until cells touch each other. Lost in cancer cells making cells build up onto power of one another. |
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Anchorage dependence |
A property of normal cells that only allows mitosis to occur when cells are attached to a substrate or surface, not floating freely. |
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PROPHASE |
The first phase of mitosis where visible chromosomes appear scattered through a cell; nuclear membrane dissolves; centrioles move to opposite poles, forming a spindle between them. |
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METAPHASE |
The second phase of mitosis where chromosomes line up on the equator (metaphase plate) and attach via their centromeres to a spindle fibre |
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ANAPHASE |
The third phase of mitosis where spindle fibres contract, pulling sister chromatids of each chromosome apart to opposite poles |
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TELOPHASE |
Fourth phase where nuclear membranes form around the two groups of chromosomes; spindle apparatus dissolves; chromosomes decondense to become chromatin. |
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Meiosis I |
Preceded by DNA replication in interphase; results in one secondary oocyte and first polar body in females and two secondary spermatocytes in males |
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Meiosis II |
No DNA replication in interphase; results in one haploid ootid and second polar body in females and four haploid spermatids in males |
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Synapsis |
The entwining of the homologous pair and attached sister chromatids in prophase I of meiosis; crossing-over between non-sister chromatid may occur |
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Non-disjunction |
Chromosomes or chromatids do not separate as they should during meiosis |
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Anaphase 1 |
When homologous chromosome pairs do not separate to opposite poles; instead one entire pair is pulled toward the same pole together |
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anaphase 2 |
When sister chromatids do not separate to opposite poles; instead both sister chromatids are polled toward the same pole together |