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166 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the blood vessels of the cardiovascular system are the....
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arteries, veins, and capillaries
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hollow organ located in the thoracic or chest cavity to the left of the midline of the body, between the lungs, in a space called the mediastinum
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the heart (the heart is essentially a pump, linked to every cell of the body, either directly or indirectly, through a network of veins, arteries, and capillaries.)
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a combining form meaning "heart"
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cardio
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a system composed of the heart and blood vessel
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cardiovascular system
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term meaning "blood vessel"
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vascular
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the heart receives its blood supply from the...
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right coronary artery and the left coronary artery.
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cardiovascular system has two branches:
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the circumflex, which goes around the heart and the left anterior descending artery. There is also a large or great cardiac vein.
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tip or pointed end of the hear in the downward position
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apex
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flat end of the heart located in the upward position; on the side closer to the head
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base
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the wall between the atria; wall between the two upper chambers or atria of the heart
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interatrial septum
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wall between the ventricles; wall between the two lower chambers of the heart
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interventricular septum
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membrane lining the inside of the heart; membrane located inside the heart lining the chamber
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endocardium
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muscle of the heart itself; the muscle of the heart that surrounds all of the chambers of the heart
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myocardium
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membrane located on the heart muscle; membrane that covers the heart muscle
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epicardium
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membrane that goes around the heart muscle (This membrane forms the sac that encloses the heart.)
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pericardium
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small collection of tissue located in the right atrium
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sinoatrial node
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chamber on the upper right side of the heart; chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from the body by way of inferior and superior venae cavae
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right atrium
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chamber on the upper left side of the heart; chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs by way of the pulmonary veins
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left atrium
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chamber on the lower right side of the heart; belly-shaped chamber of the heart that pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs by way of the pulmonary artery
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right ventricle
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chamber on the lower left side of the heart-bell like chamber of the heart that pumps oxygenated blood to the body by way of the aorta (It is the stronger of the two ventricles.)
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left ventricle
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vein that carries blood from the lower part of the body; cava means "hollow"; this vein is so named because it is empty or hollow after death
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inferior vena cava
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vein that carries blood from the upper part of the body (It is named similarly to the inferior vena cava)
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superior vena cava
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blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
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pulmonary artery
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vessel that returns blood from the right lung to the heart
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right pulmonary artery
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vessel that returns blood from the left lung to the heart
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left pulmonary artery
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this vessel is named aorta because it "rises up" from the heart and carries oxygenated blood to all parts of the body
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aorta
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three-pointed, triangular flaps of tissue that controls the flow of blood between two chambers
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tricuspid valve
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flap of tissue that controls the flow of blood to the lungs (It is called a semilunar valve because the flaps resemble half moons.)
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pulmonary valve
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flap of tissue that controls the flow of blood between the left ventricle and the aorta
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aortic valve
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two-part valve made up of flaps that control the flow of blood between the left atrium and the left ventricle (It is also known as the mitral valve because of the resemblance to the mitered hat worn by some clergy)
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bicuspid valve, also known as the mitral valve
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valves normally prevent back flow of blood from one chamber to the next chamber. For example....
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the tricuspid valve prevents blood that originated in the right atrium from flowing back into the atrium from the ventricle
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our heartbeats are...
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automatic, rhythmic, and repetitive contractions of the heart muscle
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heart muscle contractions produce the...
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pumping action of the heart. We now know that this pumping action circulates blood throughout the body.
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our heartbeats include a...
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contraction phase and a relaxation phase
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the contraction phase is called
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systole
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the relaxation phase is referred to as...
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diastole
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the normal heartbeat is produced by an electrical impulse originating in the....
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sinoartrial node in the heart.
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the electrical impulse travels through the heart muscle, causing the contraction, referred to as...
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conduction
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action in which the electrical impulses for the contraction (forceful squeezing) of the heart muscle are transferred throughout the heart
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conduction
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thickening and shortening of the heart muscle that causes it to draw the walls together (contract), causing the space inside the heart to be smaller, resulting in blood being forced out of the space (This phase is also referred to as the systolic phase.)
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contraction
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pulsation of the heart including both the diastolic and systolic phases
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heartbeat
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sounds that are caused by the vibration of the heart valves and walls of the heart and and blood rushing through the heart and great vessels
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heart sounds
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impact of the ejection of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta that is felt as several points throughout the body where arteries come close to the surface
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pulse
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return of the heart muscle to a resting state, increasing the space in the heart and allowing blood to flow into the heart (Remember that we also call this the diastolic phase.)
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relaxation
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small mass of tissue located in a depressed area of the right atrium (It is from this tissue that the electrical impulse triggers the heartbeat)
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sinostrial node
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normal heart rate, which begins at the sinoatrial node
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sinus rhythm
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when the electrical system of the heart is affected by any external or internal interference...
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it can have life-threatening consequences.
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blood vessel leading away from the heart (The term artery literally means "away from.")
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artery
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small artery
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arteriole
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blood vessel between the ends of the arteries and the beginnings of veins
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capillary
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root word meaning "vein"
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phleb
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blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart (Veins drain a part or organ and carry blood back to the heart. The term vein, literally means "to come to.")
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vein
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literally means small vein
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venule
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the heart's blood supply. It nourishes the heart muscle. The path that the blood vessels take encircles the heart in a crown-like fashion. That is why we term it coronary circulation
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coronary circulation
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refers to the circulation of blood flowing through blood vessels around the outside of the body, away from the heart. it includes the circulation of the extremities --- arms and legs.
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peripheral vascular circulation
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circulation that carries blood and absorbed food products from the intestine to the liver.
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portal or hepatic circulation
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right-sided circulation. The blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle, to the pulmonary artery, to the lungs, then back from the lungs by way of the pulmonary veins to the left side of the heart.
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pulmonary circulation
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the only artery carrying deoxygenated blood, and the only veins carrying oxygenated blood...
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pulmonary
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left-sided circulation. Blood from the left atrium flows into the left ventricle and is pumped to all parts of the body through the aorta
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general body circulation
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(in front of/in back of) are terms used to describe the location of a blood vessel in relation to other body organs or structures.
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anterior/posterior
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(going up/going down) are terms used to describe the direction of the blood vessel in relation to the head; ascending goes up and descending goes down
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ascending/descending
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(goes around/goes across) are terms used to describe the direction of blood vessels in relation to the organs with which they are associated
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circumflex/transverse
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indicates that the blood vessels travel a similar tract alongside another blood vessel; this usually indicates that the blood vessel is not the major vessel of an organ or structure
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collateral
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describes the central part of a blood vessel from which other sections divide
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common
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(large/small) describes the size relationship of blood vessels with the same name
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great/small
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describes the location of a blood vessel in relation to other blood vessels with the same name
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highest
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the suffix indicating that the blood vessel goes between organs or structures
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inter (between)
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(inside/outside) describes the location of the organs that the blood vessels either supply or drain
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internal/external
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(outside/inside) describes the location of blood vessels in relation to planes of the body
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lateral/medial
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a prefix signifying the backward direction of a blood vessel in relation to the body plane
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retro
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(surface/deep) describes the location of blood vessels in relation to the center of the body
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superficial/deep
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(above/below) describes the location of blood vessels in relation to another blood vessel with the same name.
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superior/inferior
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(above/below) describes the location of a blood vessel in relation to other body organs or structures; these terms are prefixes and are always aligned to the name of a blood vessel
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supra/sub
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LOCATE VESSELS
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LOCATE VESSELS
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bluish tinge to the tips of the extremities
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acrocyanosis
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strangling pain in the chest area
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angina pectoris
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pulse rate at the apex of the heart
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apical pulse rate
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condition in which the normal rhythm of the heart is absent
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dysrhythmia
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rapid contraction of the atria of the heart
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atrial flutter
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process of listening for heart sounds with a stethoscope
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auscultation
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pressure of the blood against the inner walls of the blood vessels (The blood pressure is recorded in two numbers, one on top of the other. the top number represents the contraction of the heart while the lower number represents the relaxation of the heart muscle. This is the systolic blood pressure over the diastolic blood pressure.)
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blood pressure
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condition in which the heartbeat is slower than normal
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bradycardia
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discoloration of the skin that results from breaking of superficial blood vessels with the release of blood into the tissue (This can also be termed an ecchymotic area.)
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bruise
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abnormal sounds heard while listening with a stethoscope over a partially obstructed vessel
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bruit
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condition in which the heart is enlarged
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cardiomegaly
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disease state of the heart muscle itself
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cardiomyopathy
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limping that results from a decrease of blood supply to the legs
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claudication
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use of sound to produce a picture of the sound waves from different parts of the heart
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echocardiogram
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record of the electrical activity of the heart (the letter K is used because the original spelling of the word was based on foreign spelling.)
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electrocardiogram or EKG or ECG
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sometimes referred to as premature contractions of the heart (In this situation the heart contracts more often than it should.)
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extrasystole
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uncontrolled twitching of heart muscle fibers
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fibrillation
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sound heard through a stethoscope, produced by abnormal opening and closing of the valves in the heart or by abnormal flow of blood through the heart (A murmur may not be an abnormal condition depending on the age of the patient.)
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murmur
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awareness of an abnormally strong or abnormally rapid beating of one's heart
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palpitation
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pulse rate at the wrist that can be felt near the end of the radius bone
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radial pulse rate
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instrument for measuring blood pressure
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sphygmomanometer
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instrument used to hear the sounds produced in the neck, chest, heart, and abdomen
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stethoscope
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condition in which the heart beats faster than normal
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tachycardia
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fine vibration felt by the hand on the chest surface, resulting from a loud murmur
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thrill
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constriction or narrowing of the diameter of a blood vessel
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vasoconstriction
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widening of a diameter of a blood vessel
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vasodilatation or vasodilation
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uncontrolled twitching of heart muscle fibers
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fibrillation
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sound heard through a stethoscope, produced by abnormal opening and closing of the valves in the heart or by abnormal flow of blood through the heart (A murmur may not be an abnormal condition depending on the age of the patient.)
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murmur
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awareness of an abnormally strong or abnormally rapid beating of one's heart
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palpitation
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pulse rate at the wrist that can be felt near the end of the radius bone
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radial pulse rate
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instrument for measuring blood pressure
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sphygmomanometer
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instrument used to hear the sounds produced in the neck, chest, heart, and abdomen
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stethoscope
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condition in which the heart beats faster than normal
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tachycardia
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fine vibration felt by the hand on the chest surface, resulting from a loud murmur
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thrill
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constriction or narrowing of the diameter of a blood vessel
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vasoconstriction
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widening of a diameter of a blood vessel
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vasodilatation or vasodilation
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increase in the size of the ventricle of the heart
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ventricular hypertrophy
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dilation or widening of a blood vessel caused by weakness in the wall of the blood vessel
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aneurysm
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the cessation of the heartbeat
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arrest
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disease characterized by hardening of the walls of the arteries
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arteriosclerosis
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a pathological state where the coronary arteries have become hardened
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arteriosclerotic heart disease or ASHD
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form of arteriosclerosis in which fatty substances deposit in and between the layers of the lining of arteries
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atherosclerosis
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condition in which there is death of tissue because of lack of blood supply through the blood vessels
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avascular necrosis
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inflammation of the inside lining of the heart caused by bacteria
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bacterial endocarditis
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sudden failure of circulatory system and respiratory systems, resulting in a profound degree of shock
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circulatory collapse
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heart defect that a child is born with
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congenital heart defect
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condition in which the heart fails to pump blood adequately, and causes congestion or backup of blood
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congestive heart failure
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form of heart disease resulting from disease in the lungs
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corpulmonale
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pathology that is present in the coronary vessels that supply blood to the heart
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coronary artery disease
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obstruction to circulation of blood in the heart
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coronary occlusion
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ball of clotted blood and possibly other substances that is carried within the bloodstream
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embolus
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sudden seizure of pain and inability of the heart to function because of an interference in coronary circulation
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heart attack
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normal path of the electrical conduction through the heart is blocked, preventing normal contractions of the heart
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heart block
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tumor consisting of blood vessels
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hemangioma
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swelling that contains blood
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hematoma
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dilated vein filled with blood in the area of the anal sphincter
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hemorrhoid
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elevation of the blood pressure above normal limits
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hypertension (high blood pressure)
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condition of blood pressure below what is considered normal limits
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hypotension
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necrosis or death of a portion of the heart muscle
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myocardial infarction
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action of the muscle of the heart is not adequate
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myocardial insufficiency
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decrease in the blood supply to the muscle of the heart
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myocardial ischemia
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inflammation of a vein
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phlebitis
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condition in which there is constriction or narrowing of the main blood vessel to the lungs
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pulmonary stenosis
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damage to the heart and scarring of the heart valves as a result of rheumatic fever
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rheumatic heart disease
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collapse of circulatory function (There are several types of shock: anaphylactic, cardiogenic, neurogenic, and hypvolemic.)
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shock
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cardiac condition in which fluid builds up in the pericardial sac around the heart muscle to a point that the heartbeat is impaired
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tamponade
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inflammation of a vein that results in the formation of a blood clot
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thrombophlebitis
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blood clot attached to the wall inside a blood vessel
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thrombus
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pathology of the valves of the heart
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valvular disease (there are three types: insufficiency, regurgitation, and stenosis)
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valve that does not work efficiently
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valvular insufficiency
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valve does not close completely, allowing some blood to flow backward
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valvular regurgitation
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condition in which there is a narrowing of the opening of a valve
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valvular stenosis
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enlarged, twisted veins, particularly in the lower extremities
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varicose veins
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procedure in which a small catheter with a balloon on the end is inserted into a blood vessel to reshape the inside of the vessel
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angioplasty
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surgery done on blood vessels for the purpose of placing a graft that will bypass an occluded or blocked blood vessel
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bypass surgery
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act of restoring consciousness by forcing air into the lungs and forcing blood from the heart
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cardiopulmonary resuscitation or CPR
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stopping the uncontrolled twitching of the heart through the use of medications or electric shock
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defibrillation
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surgical removal of a blood clot
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embolectomy
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surgical removal of a thrombus and the abnormally thickened inside lining of an artery
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endarterectomy
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procedure in which the heart of one person is put into the body of another person
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heart transplant
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injection into a vein is essential nutrients or drugs for the treatment of disease (It is referred to as IV therapy)
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intravenous therapy
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surgical cutting of the seam of the two flaps of the mitral valve
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mitral commissurotomy
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surgical procedure during which the heart is opened
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open-heart surgery
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implanting of an artificial device that keeps the rate of the heart in a desirable range
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valve replacement
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a repair of a defective heart valve
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valvuloplasty
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puncture of a vein with a needle or the insertion of a catheter
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venipunture
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drugs that work against the clotting of blood
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anticoagulant
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drugs that work against the strangling pain in the chest
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antianginal agents
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class of medicines that work agains teh lack of rhythm of the heart (These drugs restore normal rhythm)
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antidysrrhythmic agents
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drugs that break apart blood clots
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thrombolytic agents
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drugs that act to narrow or constrict blood vessels
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vasoconstrictor agents
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drugs that act to widen or dilate blood vessels
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vasodilators
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