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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
muscle tissue is everywhere in the body. the heart itself is a muscle. the following are functions of muscles:
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support the body, permit movement, and produce body heat
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muscle means
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little mouse. It probably got its name because of how muscle has a rippling action when it is stimulated.
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myo
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is a combining form that means "muscle"
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skeletal or voluntary means
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this literally means that we control their movements. They are attached to the skeleton and consist of striated tissue.
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skeletal or voluntary do...
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move body parts and the body, maintain posture, cause voluntary and reflex movements, and produce body heat
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visceral or involuntary
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this means that we cannot control their movements. They contain smooth muscle tissue. They are found in organs such as the stomach and intestine.
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cardiac or involuntary:
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this muscle is composed of striated tissue under the control of the autonomic nervous system and specialized neuromuscular tissue located within the right atrium.
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muscle tissue cells perform...
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specific activities and vary greatly in their size and strength. Because they are generally long and slender with threadlike shape, muscle cells are termed "fibers."
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connective tissue holds...
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muscle fiber together. A fibrous membrane sheath called "fascia" encloses bundles of muscle fibers.
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several of the muscular structures have special names. A muscle fiber's plasma membrane is called a
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sarcolemma and the cytoplasm is called sarcoplasm
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tendons are bands of fibrous connective tissue that attach muscles to the....
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periosteum, a fibrous membrane that covers the bone
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muscles depend
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on one another to produce movement. Muscles rarely act alone.
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the prime movers are
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muscles that actively produce movement.
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the antagonists are
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muscles that oppose the prime movers and relax as the prime movers contract.
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the synergists...
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contract along with the prime movers and help produce the movement or provide stability
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during muscle contraction, one of the bones to which a muscle is attached remains stationary while the other pulls in the opposite direction. The area where the muscle attaches to the stationary bone is called the...
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"origin"
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the area where the muscle attaches to the more moveable bone is labeled the...
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"insertion." The origin usually lies on the proximal end of the bone, and the insertion site is usually on the distal end.
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the top of the head does not contain...
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muscles, but it does have a broad, flat tendon called epicranial aponeurosis. this tendon connects several nearby muscle groups.
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the occipitalis muscle...
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pulls the scalp backward
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the frontalis muscle...
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pulls the scalp forward
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when we raise our eyebrows and wrinkle our foreheads, we are using...
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the frontalis muscle
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the temporoparietal group includes the...
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temporalis muscle, which tightens the scalp and moves the ears forward
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the auricular group contains...
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three muscles (the anterior, superior, and posterior), which moves the ear forward, upward, and backward
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the buccinator muscles, also called the...
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"trumpeter muscle," compresses the cheeks for smiling or blowing. (because we call the buccinator muscle, the trumpeter muscle, it is easy to visualize someone blowing on a trumpet and using this muscle)
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the corrugator supercilii brings...
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the eyebrows together in a frown. (Think of a corrugated box, a box with wrinkles.)
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when we widen our eyes in amazement, the...
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orbicularis oculi moves the eyelids
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the masseter muscles are the...
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chewing muscles
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the pterygoids...
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open and close the mouth
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the sternocleidomastoid are...
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paired muscles on either side of the neck that allow one to move one's head. The long name combines the muscle's origin in the sternum and clavicles with their insertion point in the mastoid process of the temporal bone.
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the trapezius muscle on the back of the neck raises and lowers the...
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shoulders---"shrugs the shoulders"
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the arms can be crossed when the...
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pectoralis major muscle adducts and flexes the upper arm
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the diaphragm..
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a dome shaped muscle located in the chest, flattens during inspiration to increase the size and the volume of the chest or thoracic cavity. This movement permits air to enter the lungs.
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the external intercostals...
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lift the ribs during breathing
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the internal intercostals...
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lowers the ribs during expiration
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muscles of the abdominal cavity form three layers:
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the external obliques (the outermost), the internal obliques (the middle), and the transversus abdominus (with fibers extending in different directions).
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the three layers form a strong support of muscles that protects and supports the itnernal organs. They contract during...
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childbirth, defecation, coughing, and sneezing
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the rectus abdominis muscle runs...
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down the midline of the abdomen and helps flex the spinal column as well as giving support to the abdomen.
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the triceps brachii extends...
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the lower arm
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the brachialis flexes...
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the lower arm
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the biceps brachii flexes...
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the lower arm and supinates (turns upward) the arm along with the hand.
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the pronator teres flexes...
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and pronates (rotates the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces downward) the lower arm.
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the muscular "floor" called the...
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perineum gives support to the pelvic opening. The perineum occupies the space between the anus and vagina in females and the anus and scrotum in males.
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the levator ani muscle and the coccygeus muscle support the...
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pelvic organs and assist in childbirth and defecation. the sphincter ani muscle keeps the anus closed.
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there are how many groups of muscles that affect the movement of the thighs and upper leg area?
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three groups
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internal obturator
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(cross the front of the hip) laterally rotates the thigh and extends and abducts the thigh when flexed.
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external obturator
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(cross the front of the hip) along with both the superior and inferior gemelius, laterally rotates the thigh as well.
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piriformis
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(cross the front of the hip) laterally abducts, rotates, and extends the thigh.
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quadratus femoris
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(cross the front of the hip) flexes and extends the leg in addition to laterally rotating the thigh.
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the back or rear area of the body...
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there are the gluteals
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gluteus minimus and medius
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that abducts and rotates the thigh
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glutenus maximus
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that extends and rotates the thigh
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the third group, the adductors, includes the powerful...
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longus, brevis, and magnus muscles which draw back the thighs after abduction
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the gracilis...
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flexes and adducts the leg as well as adducting the thigh
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there are two groups of muscles that move the...
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lower leg.
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the first, the quadriceps femoris, includes...
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the vastus lateralis, medialis, and intermedius, all of which work to extend the leg.
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the rectus femoris
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flexes the thigh and extends the leg
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other lower leg muscles include the gastrocnemius, which...
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flexes the leg and extends the foot and is commonly called the calf muscle
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the achilles tendon attaches to the...
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gastrocnemius muscle and the sartorius, which flexes and adducts the leg in a cross-legged or "tailor" position
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extrinsic foot muscles
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located in the leg, but pull on tendons that move bones in the ankle and foot. These muscles permit dorsiflexion (backward movement at the ankle), planter flexion (movement toward the toes), inversion (turn inward), eversion (turn outward) of the foot.
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within the foot are the...
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intrinsic foot muscles. These muscles produce flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction of the toes.
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myopathy
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any disease of skeletal muscles
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myalgia
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muscle pain or tenderness
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myoclonus
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spasm of a muscle
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myotasis
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continual stretching of a muscle, commonly referred to as a "pulled muscle"
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myotonia
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chronic muscle contraction or irriability
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tenalgia
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pain in a tendon such as tennis elbow
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tetany
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hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles
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tic
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small muscle spasm
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a symptom is...
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a subjective description of a health problem. It is subjective because it comes directly from the words of the patient and his family
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a sign is finding discovered by...
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a physician, nurse, dentist, etc. upon examining the patient. It is objective because it doesn't come directly from the patient
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myomalacia
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a muscle softening
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myoatrophy
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muscle wasting
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myonecrosis
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death of muscle tissue fibers
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myosclerosis
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muscle hardening
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myobradia
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muscle that reacts slowing to prodding (May result from tissue wasting or tissue death).
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myospasm
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when a muscle convulses when prodded (this may signal an inflammation of the voluntary muscle tissue or myositis.)
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Tinel's sign
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a tingling over the median nerve on light percussion (tapping with a medical hammer) which occurs in cases of carpal tunnel syndrome
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phalen's maneuver
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used to reproduce the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome. In this test the individual vertically extends his/her forearm while allowing complete flexion at the wrists for one minute.
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compression test
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assists in confirming a diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. A blood pressure cuff is placed on the forearm and inflated above the patient's systolic blood pressure for one to two minutes. If carpal tunnel syndrome is present, this intervention produces paresthesia (loss of sensation) along the distribution of the median nerve.
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enzymes that are elevated or simply present in an individual's blood may indicate...
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muscle pathology. Blood tests are given names of the enzyme or acid they are designed to detech.
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hormone levels or the presence of other substances in the urine can also be key to determining...
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muscular disorders
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muscle biopsy
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the use of a syringe or scalpel incision to remove the small portion of muscle tissue for examination. Microscopic samples of muscle tissue are often required for an accurate diagnosis of muscle disorders.
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computerized tomography scan
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uses multiple x-ray beams that pass through the body at different angles, striking radiation detectors that produce electrical impulses. A computer converts the impulses into digital information that detects tumors in muscle tissue.
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electromyogram
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records the electrical activity of skeletal muscles through surface or needle electrodes. This test is used to diagnose neuromuscular disorders and determine the exact location of motor neuron lesions.
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magnetic resonance imagining device
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uses a powerful magnetic field and radio frequency energy to produce images based on the hydrogen content of body tissues. It is also known as nuclear magnetic resonance and used to diagnose muscle disorders.
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atrophy
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wasting of muscles
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contractures
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the abnormal flexion and fixation of joints (they are usually caused by muscle atrophy and may be permanent)
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foot drop
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the failure to maintain the foot in a normally flexed position (it is not uncommon to see people with foot drop "dragging" their foot or feet. This is a relatively common problem that results from trauma or paralysis.)
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shin splints
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a strain of the long flexor muscle of the toes caused by strenuous athletic activity
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spastic paralysis
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the involuntary contraction of a muscle with an associated loss or function
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sprain
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complete or incomplete tear in the supporting ligaments surrounding a joint
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strain
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an injury to a muscle or tendinous attachment
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fibriod tumor or leiomyoma
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a benign (noncancerous) tumor found in smooth muscle. This is usually seen in the uterus.
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leiomyosarcoma
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a malignant (cancerous) tumor of smooth muscle (Generally found in the uterus).
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myoblastoma
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a benign tumor composed of muscle tissue
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myofibroma
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a tumor containing muscular and fibrous tissue
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myosarcoma
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a malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue
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rhabdomyoma
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a benign tumor of striated muscle
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rhabdomyosarcoma
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a very malignant tumor that has its origins in striated muscle cells
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bursitis
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a painful inflammation of one or more of the bursae, closed sacs that cushion muscles and tendons over bony prominences, such as the shoulder or elbow
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epicondylitis
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referred to as "tennis elbow" (it is an inflammation of the tendons in the forearm at their attachment to the humerus.)
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fascitis
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inflammation of the fasciae
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myocellulitis
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inflammation of the cellular tissue within muscle
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myofibrosis
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an overgrowth of fibrous tissue inside muscle
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myositis purulenta
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any bacterial infection of the muscle tissue that could result in pus formation and eventually progress into gangrene. (When gangrene sets in, the tissue dies. This infection can result from wounds that may or may not begin in the muscle.)
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tendonitis
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a painful inflammation of tendons and their muscle attachments to the bone (trauma, congenital defects, or rheumatic diseases are usually the cause)
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achilles tendon contracture
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a shortening of the Achilles tendon. It can cause pain and reduced dorsiflexion.
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carpal tunnel syndrome
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a painful disorder of the wrist and hand that results from rapid, repetitive use of the fingers
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Dupuytren's contracture
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a progressive, painless contracture of the palmar fascia, causing the last two fingers to contract toward the palm of the hand.
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fibromyalgia syndrome
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a chronic disorder with an unknown cause, producing pain in the muscles, bones, or joints
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muscular dystrophy
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a group of degenerative genetic diseases characterized by weakness and progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles with no evidence of nervous system involvement.
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myasthesnia gravis
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an unusual weakness and fatigability seen most often in the face and throat, resulting from an error or defect in the conduction of nerve impulses at the myoneural junction
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torticollis
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a neck deformity characterized by neck muscles that are spastic and shortened. The condition results in the head being bent toward the affected side and the chin rotating toward the unaffected side.
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treatment
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rest, immobilization with a sling, splint (orthopedic appliance - it immobilizes and supports an injured body part), cast or brace (rigid support of an extremity), and ice (cold compresses or hot compresses - may be wet or dry)
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aspiration
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removal of fluid from a joint with a hollow needle
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neurolysis
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surgical freeing of nerve fibers (This procedure is used to relieve the muscular compression of nerves, such as that which occurs with carpal tunnel syndrome.)
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short wave diathermy
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heat from insulated electrical current to control pain and decrease muscle spasms
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massage
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manipulation, methodical pressure, friction, and kneading to promote circulation, relieve pain, and reduce tension.
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there are many, but two classifications of drugs stand out in treatment of muscle disorders:
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nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and muscle relaxants. In some cases, steroids are also prescribed. Both nonsteroidal and steroidal drugs reduce inflammation
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