Module 2, Lecture 1

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Sioux

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(Assiniboine, Dakota, Lakota) - among the earliest groups to inhabit the Plains region within the province. The term “Assiniboine” is the French version of an Ojibwa term which means “cooking with stones.” The anglicized version of this term thus became “Stoneys.” However, the Assiniboine are actually a branch of the Sioux because they are Siouan language speakers and their own name for themselves is “Nakota”. At one time belonged to a branch of the Sioux known as the Yankton-Yanktonai.

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Assiniboine

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- Group of the Sioux people

- Assiniboine (also known as “Nakota”) - The term “Assiniboine” is the French version of an Ojibwa term which means “cooking with stones.” The anglicized version of this term thus became “Stoneys.” However, the Assiniboine are actually a branch of the Sioux because they are Siouan language speakers and their own name for themselves is “Nakota”. At one time belonged to a branch of the Sioux known as the Yankton-Yanktonai.

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Dakota

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The Dakota are a group of Sioux peoples who once occupied parts of Canada but later migrated back to parts of the U.S. After conflict there, many sought refuge in Canada; consequently, they were among the last of Aboriginal occupants in Saskatchewan.

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Lakota

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Group of the Sioux people, The Lakota are a group of Sioux peoples who once occupied parts of Canada but migrated back into regions of the U.S. After the Battle of Little Bighorn, a group of Lakota, under the leadership of Sitting Bull, sought refuge in Canada. However, although Sitting Bull returned to the U.S., a small group stayed and thus, the Lakota were also one of the last Aboriginal groups to inhabit Saskatchewan.

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The Cree

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The Cree belong to the Algonquian language family and their own name for themselves is “Nehiyawak.”

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Ojibwa

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(Saulteaux, Anishinabe) - A common name for Ojibwa peoples is “Saulteaux” which is a French term. Ojibwa peoples also frequently use various spellings of the self-ascribed term “Anishinabe,” which in their own language means “the People” or “original people.”. The Ojibwa inhabited the “parklands” and Plains areas of the province.

Anishinabe is the self-ascribed term

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Dene

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The Dene are a part of the Athapaskan language group. They have sometimes been called Chipewyan; however, this is believed to be a more pejorative term, and their own name for themselves is Dene. There are five main groups of Dene in northern Canada.

- The Dene are Athapaskan language speakers who have inhabited parts of Saskatchewan for thousands of years.

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Métis

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Those people of French and First Nation (usually but not exclusively Cree and Saulteuax/Ojibwe) who developed into a distinct cultural group in the late 1700s or early 1800 (exact time is a matter of debate) in the western provinces. Their culture is noted for its blending of First Nations and French language and religious ceremonies.

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proto-Métis

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mixed ancestry but because they still lived the lifestyle of Indians, a Metis culture had not developed. That is, they were too Indian to be Metis. Scholars suggest that it took at least one, perhaps even two or three, generations before a full blown Metis culture emerged.

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Canadien

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A term used to described fur trade labourer – also known as voyageurs. This term was initially applied to French Canadians, but later became associated with those of mixed ancestry.

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Bois Brule

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Was a term applied to the Métis before the term 'Métis' became an acceptable term. Means 'scorched wood.'

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English halfbreed

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Refers to people of British (usually Scottish), and First Nations (usually Cree or Ojibwe but not exclusively). The term 'English' refers to the language used and not to the cultural group. The term 'Halfbreed' is differentiated from 'halfbreed' as the first term refers to a group of people who developed a distinct culture a comprised of English and First Nations languages and Scottish and First Nations cultural practices, while 'halfbreed' is a derogatory term applied to any person of mixed European and First Nations ancestry. Due to the offensive connotation of 'halfbreed' many English Halfbreeds have elected to identify themselves as Metis

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Country born

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A term used during the fur trade for English Halfbreeds. In recent years, some have used this term to replace English 'Halfbreed' by those who want to highlight the difference between them and the Metis.

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Ethnogenesis

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Ethnogenesis refers to the recognition by a group of people who share similar cultural, linguistic, religious and economic backgrounds that they are a distinct nation or ethnic group.

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Median age

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5 groups of Aboriginal people who occupied Saskatchewan at time of contact

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Sioux, Cree, Ojibwa, Dene, Metis

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Number of First Nations in Sask today?

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74

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Self-ascribed term for the Cree

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Nehiyawak

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Self ascribed for Ojibwa

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Anishinabe

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Self-ascribed term for Assiniboine

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Nakota

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Courier du Bois

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these men were “illegal” traders in the French Fur trade – sometimes referred to as “wood runners”. They are known as the “fathers” of the Métis.

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Nehiyawak

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the self-ascribed term for Cree people