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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
musculoskeletal system
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two-part system that gives individuals the ability to physically move.
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The two components of the musculoskeletal system
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• Skeleton
• Skeletal muscles |
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what does the skeleton provide supportive structure for?
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-body
-contractions |
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complete fracture
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bone is broken all the way through
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incomplete fracture
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bone is only partially fractured but is still in one piece.
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Types of Incomplete Fractures
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-greenstick
-torus -bowing |
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Aviator
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-Vertical fracture of the neck
-backward displacement of the body |
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Boxer
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Fracture of the neck of the fourth or fifth metacarpal
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Clay Shoveler
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Fracture of the tip of the spinous process of the sixth or seventh cervical vertebra
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Hangman
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Fracture/dislocation of atlas and axis
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Fracture hematoma
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When bone is broken, damage to the local vasculature causes hematoma development
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Callus formation
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Dead bone tissue is either reabsorbed or becomes the foundation for deposition of new bone tissue (callus).
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what happens when the hematoma is reabsorbed unto the body?
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callus tissue develops
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callus tissue binds the broken ends of
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fractured bone together
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Bone remodeling
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callus tissue is eventually replaced by normal bone tissue
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Nonunion
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bone ends fail to grow together
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Delayed union
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Bone union does not occur until approximately 8 to 9 months after a fracture.
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Malunion
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The bone heals in an incorrect anatomic position
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Dislocation
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displacement of a bone from its normal articulation with a joint
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Subluxation
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partial abnormal separation of the articular surfaces of a joint
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Tendons
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fibrous connective tissue bands that attach muscle to bone
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Ligaments
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flexible fibrous bands that bind joints together and connect articulate bones with cartilages
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strain
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A tear in a tendon
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sprain
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tear in a ligament
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avulsion
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a tendon or ligament is separated from the bone
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1st degree sprain
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-least severe
-minor tearing of ligamentous fibers |
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2nd degree sprain
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-Moderate significance
-partial tearing of the ligament |
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3rd degree sprain
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-The most severe
-complete tear of the ligament |
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joint
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articulation between bones
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Metabolic bone disease
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alterations in biochemical reactions that result in abnormal bone structure
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Osteomyelitis
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infectious bone disease
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Osteoporosis
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significant loss of bone mineral density and microarchitectural deterioration of trabecular bone
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primary complication of osteoporosis
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fracture
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pathophysiologic process of osteoporosis
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-increase in bone resorption
-decrease in bone formation |
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vertebral compression fracture
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collapse of the anterior part of a thoracic or lumbar vertebral body
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hip fracture
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fracture at the femoral neck
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Osteomalacia (sometimes called adult rickets)
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-failure of the bone matrix to calcify -development of soft bone
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major contributing factor of Osteomalacia
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deficiency of vitamin D
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what happens in the abscence of vitamin D in osteomalacia?
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-serum calcium levels decrease
-stimulating secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH). |
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what does PTH do in osteomalacia?
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-raises serum calcium levels
-decreases serum phosphate levels |
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phosphate deficiency prevents
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normal mineralization of the bones
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rickets
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Osteomalacia in children
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Paget disease
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genetic disorder characterized by enlarged and softened bones.
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Pathophysiology of Paget disease
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-excessive resorption of spongy bone -replacement of bone marrow
-thickening and enlarging of the bone. |
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Osteomyelitis
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infection of the bone
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Osteomyelitis is caused by
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-bacterial infection
-viruses - fungi -parasites |
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Exogenous osteomyelitis
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infection has entered from outside the body and infected the bone
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Endogenous osteomyelitis
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pathogens have been carried through the vascular system to the bone to cause the infection
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what do the microorganisms in osteomyelitis do?
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-invade the bone
-form small abscesses |
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invasion of microorganisms in osteomyelitis cause
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-inflammatory response that weakens the bone
-predispose it to fracture |
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Primary OA
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-most common musculoskeletal disorder of the elderly
- occur more often in women |
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Secondary OA
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most often in individuals who have put unusual stress on joints or who have suffered joint injuries.
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OA is characterized by:
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-Loss of articular cartilage
- activation of enzymes that break down proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, and collagen |
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osteophytes
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protrusions that can impinge on other structures and limit mobility
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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
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idiopathic autoimmune disorder that is characterized by the formation of autoantibodies to synovial tissue.
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Neutrophils and macrophages are activated within the synovial membrane and release
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numerous inflammatory cytokines
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immune and inflammatory processes result in
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-degradation of joint tissues
-pannus |
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pannus
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formation of a mass of intraarticular degradation tissue
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ankylosing spondylitis (AS)
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targets the joints of the spine and sacroiliac
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Gout
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excessive production of uric acid
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acute gouty arthritis
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affect the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint of the big toe
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three phases of gout
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• Asymptomatic hyperuricemia
• Acute gout arthritis • Tophaceous gout |
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Asymptomatic periods (intercritical gout)
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occur between acute episodes
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tophi
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large deposits of uric acid salts
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Skeletal muscle disorders
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-traumatic, neural, metabolic, inflammatory, or psychogenic causes. -inherited or acquired
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Fibromyalgia
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chronic musculoskeletal syndrome that can occur in a very mild state or be a very disabling disorder
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Myotonia
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delay in muscle relaxation following voluntary contraction
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Periodic paralysis
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inherited condition resulting from abnormal muscle membrane ion channels.
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abnormalities in Periodic paralysis cause
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the muscle membrane to be unresponsive to neural stimulation.
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metabolic muscle disorders
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-endocrine abnormalities
-energy metabolism disorders |
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Myositis
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inflammation of the muscles
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Polymyositis
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-occur alone or with dermatomyositis
-autoimmune disorder |
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Musculoskeletal tumors
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-primary lesions or as secondary lesions
-bone is rigid -rare |
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Neoplasms
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arise from bone cells, supportive tissues, or bone marrow
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Rhabdomyomas
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-rare
-treated by excision |
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Rhabdomyosarcomas
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highly malignant tumors that usually occur in infants, children, and teenagers
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