Module 1: What Is Psychology?

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Structuralism

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Studying the mind's structure through introspection

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Who started structuralism?

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Edward Bradford Titchner

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Functionalism

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The assumption that thinking developed because it was adaptive and that consciousness serves a function.

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Who started functionalism?

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William James under the influence of Charles Darwin

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Who were the first women in psychology?

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Mary whiton Calkins who was the first female president of the APA and Margaret Floy who was the first female with a PhD in Psychology

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Who was Wilhelm wundt?

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He created psychology's first Laboratory in December of 1879

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What event defined the start of scientific psychology?

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William Wundt's first psychology Laboratory

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Why did introspection fail as a method for understanding how the mind works?

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Self reports varied depending on intelligence and verbal ability

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___ used introspection to define the minds makeup. ___ focused on how mental processes enable us to adapt

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Structuralism, functionalism

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Behavioralism

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John B Watson started behavioralism which redefined psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavior"

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Freudian psychology

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Sigmund Freud emphasized the way unconscious thought processes and our emotional responses to Childhood experiences affect our Behavior

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Humanistic psychology

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Abraham Maslow Drew attention to ways that current environmental influences nurture or limit potential, and the need for love and acceptance

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Cognitive Revolution

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The 1960s Revolution brought back early interest in the minds processes. Scientifically explores the ways we perceive process and remember information

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Cognitive neuroscience

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Studies brain activity underlying mental activity

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Modern definition of psychology

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The science of behavior and mental processes

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Evolutionary psychology

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Centers around nature versus nurture and natural selection

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Natural selection

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The process where nature selects by chance, variations of traits that best enable survival

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Behavior genetics

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Asks how are we diverse because of our differing genes and environments

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Positive psychology

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Focuses on human flourishing and having a good life.

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Culture

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Shared ideas and behaviors one generation passes to the next

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Levels of analysis

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Different complementary views for analyzing

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Biopsychosocial approach

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Taking into account biological influence, psychological influence, and social cultural influence

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Psychology's related perspectives

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Neuroscience, evolutionary psychology, Behavior genetics, psychodynamic psychology, behavioral psychology, cognitive psychology, and social cultural psychology

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What advantage do we gain by using the biophysical approach in studying psychological events?

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Provides a more complete View

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The __ perspective in Psychology focuses on how behavior and thought differ from situation to situation and from culture to culture, while the __ perspective emphasizes observation of how we respond to and learn in different situations.

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Social-cultural, Behavioral

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Basic research

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Pure science aiming to increase the scientific knowledge base

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Applied research

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Solving practical problems

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What are psychology's main subfields

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Basic research:

Developmental, cognitive, personality ,social, forensic psychology.

Applied research:

Industrial organizational, counseling, clinical, psychiatry, community psychology.

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SQ3R

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Survey, question ,read, retrieve review

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The __ __ describes the enhanced memory that results from repeated retrieval rather than from simple reading of new information

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Testing effect

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What were some important milestones in psychology's early development

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Psychology's first Laboratory, structuralism, functionalism, and the first women of psychology.

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How did psychology continue to develop from the 1920s through today?

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Introspection was ended by behavioralism and Freudian psychology. Behavioralism redefined psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavior". Humanistic psychology rejected this definition and Drew attention to environmental influence and human need for love and acceptance. The cognitive Revolution drew attention back to mind processes, which gave rise to cognitive neuroscience. The modern definition of psychology, "the science of behavior and mental processes" combines earlier schools of thought.

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How has our understanding of biology and experience ,culture and gender ,and human flourishing shaped psychology?

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Understanding of biology shaped psychology through evolutionary theory, the discovery of genetics, and the discovery that every psychological event is simultaneously a biological event. Experience has shaped psychology through broadening perspectives which draw upon past schools of thought. Culture and gender shape psychology by giving insight to what makes us alike despite differences. Human flourishing has shaped Psychology by Shifting the focus to achieving well being.

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Developmental psychologists

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Study our changing abilities from womb to tomb

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Cognitive psychologists

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Study how we think and process information

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Personality psychologists

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Investigate persistent traits

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Social psychologists

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Study how we View and affect each other

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Industrial-organizational psychologists

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Help businesses train employees, improve morale, Implement programs, and design products

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Counseling psychologists

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Help cope with challenges and crises often to do with day-to-day life

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Clinical psychologists

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Test, assess and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders

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Psychiatrists

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Doctors licensed to prescribe drugs and treat physical causes of disorders

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Community psychologists

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Create social and physical environments healthy for all