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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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conduction |
heat transfer from a warmer object to a cooler object by means of direct molecular interaction of objects in physical contact Ex: hot packs, parrafin |
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convection |
heat transfer by movement of air or fluid from a warmer area to a cooler area or moving past a cooler body part. Ex: whirlpool, hubbard tank, fluidotherapy |
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radiation |
transfer of heat from a warmer object to a cooler object by means of transmission of electromagnetic energy without heating of an intervening medium Ex: infrared lamp |
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Physiological effects of general heat application |
Increased: CO, metabolic rate, pulse rate, RR, vasodilation Decreased: BP, muscle activity (sedentary effect), blood flow to internal organs, blood flow to resting muscle, SV |
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Increased physiological responses of body systems and structures to local heat |
blood flow, capillary permeability, elasticity of nonelastic tissues, metabolism, vasodilation, edema |
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decreased physiological responses of body systems and structures to local heat application |
joint stiffness, muscle length, muscle spasm, pain |
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layers for ho pack |
6-8 layers! |
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physiological effects of general cold application |
decreased: metabolic rate, pulse rate, resp rate, venous BP increased: blood flow to internal organs, CO, SV, arterial blood pressure |
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decreased physiological responses of body systems and structures to local cold application |
blood flow, capillary permeability, elasticity of nonelastic tissues, metabolism, muscle spasm, muscle strength, spasticity, vasoactive agents |
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increased physiological responses of body systems and structures to local cold application |
joint stiffness, pain threshold, increased blood viscosity, muscle strength |
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precautions for use of superficial thermotherapy |
cardiac insufficiency, edema, impaired circulation, impaired thermal regulation, metal in treatment site, pregnancy, in areas where topical counterirritants have recently been applied, demyelinated nerves and open wounds |
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contraindications for use of superficial thermotherapy |
acute and early subacute traumatic and inflammatory conditions, decreased circulation, decreased sensation, deep vein thrombophlebitis, impaired cognitive fxn, malignant tumors, tendency toward hemorrhage or edema, very young and very old patients |
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precautions for cryotherapy |
hypertension, impaired temperature sensation, open wound, over superficial nerve, very old or young, cognitive changes |
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contraindications for cryotherapy |
cold hypersensitivity (urticaria), cold intolerance, cryoglobulinemia, peripheral vascular disease, impaired temperature sensation, Raynaud's disease, paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria, over regenerating peripheral nerves |
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ultrasound precautions |
acute inflammation, breast implants, open epiphyses, and US over healing fractures |
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ultrasound contraindications |
impaired circulation, impaired cognitive fxn, impaired sensation; malignant tumors; over or near an area with thrombophlebitis; joint cement; directly over plastic components; over vital areas such as brain, ear, eye, heart, cervical ganglia; carotid sinuses; reproductive organs; exposed or unprotected spinal cord; over or in the area of cardiac pacemakers or in the abdomen, low back, uterus, or pelvis during pregnancy |
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Electrical stimulation (ES) contraindications |
1. anywhere in the body for patients with demand-type pacemakers, unstable arrhythmias, suspected epilepsy, or seizure disorder 2. Over or in the area of the carotid sinus, thrombosis or thrombophlebitis, eyes, thoracic region, phrenic nerve, urinary bladder stimulators, and abdomen or low back during pregnancy 3. transcerebrally or transthoracically 4. in the presence of active bleeding or infection 5. superficial metal implants 6. pharygeal or laryngeal mm 7. motor level stimulation should not be applied in conditions that prohibit motion |
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Electrical stimulation (ES) precautions
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1. cardiac disease 2. impaired mentation 3. in areas of impaired sensation, malignant tumors, skin irritation, or open wounds 4. applying iontophoresis in the area after the application of another physical agent 5. In patients with hypotension or hypertension, excessive adipose tissue or edema 6. bleeding disorders 7. menstruating uterus 8. pregnancy: during labor or delivery |
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polar effects of ionto |
1. positive ions move toward the negative pole (cathode), where a secondary alkaline reaction (NaOH) occurs 2. Negative ions move toward the positive pole (anode), where an acid is produced (HCl) |
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iontophoresis contraindications |
a. refer to general rules for ES b. impaired skin sensation c. allergy or sensitivity to medicinal agent or direct current d. denuded area or recent scars e. cuts, bruises, or broken skin f. metal in or near treatment area |
