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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Gram positive bacterial walls are composed of
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monolayer of peptidoglycans
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Gram neg bacterial walls are composed
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multiple layers including an outer layer of lipopolysaccharide membrane.
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empiric
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antibiotics are often started before the results of that lab test are available.
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Antibacterial classification
Broad vs Narrow Spectrum |
Broad: effective against a wide range of bacteria in comparison to the narrow spectrum.
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Beta lactams (name 5)
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Penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, carbacephems, and penems
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Beta lactams
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Inhibit cell wall synthesis.
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penicillinase
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Bacteria have the ability to develop resistance by producing enzymes
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Quinolones
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Bactericidal
blocks the enzyme responsible for DNA growth. hazards: no antacids, increase thorphylline toxicity, phototoxic |
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ciprofloxacin (Cipro) levofloxacin (Levoquin)
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Quinolones
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Aminoglycoside
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used in serious infections
gram - w/ ampicillin for gram + bactericidal aerosol route because of toxicity Ototoxic, nephrotoxic |
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Amikacin (Amikin)
gentamicin (Garamycin)tobramycin (Nebcin) |
Aminoglycoside
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Vancomycin
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bactericidal
used life threating infections gram + cocci used for MRSA S.E.: nypotension, nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity. |
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alternative drug for vancomycin?
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Teicoplanin (Targocid)
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Protein synthesis Inhibitors
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used for pulmonary infection
Erythromycin decreases theophylline metabolism so monitor theophylline levels. |
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Erythromycin (E-mycin), clarithromycin (Biaxin), azithromycin (Zithromax)
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Protein synthesis Inhibitors
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Tetracyclines
(it kills it all!!!) |
broad spectrum
gram + and - aerobes, anaerobes,mycoplasms,mycobacteria, chlamydia,spirochetes hazards:antacids, iron, or dairy products, decrease absorption. |
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Folate inhibitors
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sulfoamides used for easy UTI's
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Bactrim, Septra, Gantanol, Gantrisin.
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Folate inhibitors
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Antitubercular Agents 1st line
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1st line primary are bactericidal
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Antitubercular Agents
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2nd line secondary which are bacteriostatic and only used in combination with 1st line drugs when others have become resistant.
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Isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol.
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1st line Antitubercular Agents
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streptomycin, cycloserine, ethionamide.
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2nd line Antitubercular Agents
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Factors affecting drug therapy in kids.
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Size: body weight, there is a direct relationship between body weight and mass of drug.
Age: neonates and children are not simply little adults. |
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age definitions
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Definitions:
Premie: < 36 weeks. Neonate: 1st month of postnatal life. Infant: 1 – 12 months. Child: 1 – 12 years. Adolescent: 12 – 18 years. Adult: > 18 years. |
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Factors to consider when adminster rx to little ones
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Infants can not take pills
Parenteral dosages must be closely watched. more Total body water in kids will effect the distribution of water soluble drugs. Liver enzymes have not matured in the neonate & infant. Renal clearance mechanisms have also not fully developed in the infant. pharmocokinetic:Some drug effects are opposite of what they become in adults. |
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gram negative bacteria (7)
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pseudomonas
bacteroides campylobacter haemophilus klebsiella legionella mycoplasma |
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gram positive (4)
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clostridia
listeria streptococci staphylococci |
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gram + cocci normal flora sputum samples
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a-hemolytic streptococci
pneumococci staphylococcus epidermidis |
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gram - bacilli normal flora sputm samples
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haemophilus influenzae
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gram - cocci
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neisseria catarrhais
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bactericidal anti infectives (3)
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penicillins
cephalosporins vancomycins |
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bacteriostatic anti infectives (2)
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erythromycin
tetracyclines |
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broad spectrum anti infectives (3)
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tetracyclines
ampicillin cephalosporins |
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narrow spectrum anti infectives (3)
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penicillin
erythromycin vancomycin |
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how does beta lactamase work??
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destroys beta lactam ring rendering the drug inactive
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cehalosporins
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same moa as penicillin
but resistant to beta lactamase and have a longer half life |
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what does ribavirin treat?
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respiratory syncytial virus
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ribavirin adminstered how??
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SPAG II
12-18HRS A DAY FOR 3-7 DAYS TERATOGENICTY |
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ACYCLOVIR (ZOVIRAX)
FAMCICLOVIR (FAMVIR) |
ANTIVIRAL
TREATS HERPES |
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ZANAMIVIR (RELENZA)
OSELTAMIVIR (TAMIFLU) AMANTADINE (SYMMETREL) RIMANTIDINE (FLUMADINE) |
ANTIVIRAL
TREATS INFLUENZA |
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RIBAVIRIN (VIRAZOLE)
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ANTIVIRAL
TREATS REPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS |
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NYSTATIN (MYCOSTATIN)
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ANTI FUNGALS
LOCAL SKIN CANDIDIASIS ORAL THRUSH |
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AMPHOTERICIN B (FUNGIZONE)
FLUCONAZOLE (DIFLUCAN) |
ANTI FUNGALS
HIGHLY TOXIC NEEDS MONITORING IV SYSTEMIC ORAL THRUSH |