Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Enlightenment and American Revolution
|
- Science and Reason - emphasized using reason instead of tradition to make decisions.
- What is the purpose of a state? - What is the proper relationship between the citizen and the state? Liberalism vs. Conservatism |
|
|
Liberalism vs. Conservatism
|
- Classical conservatism is interested in maintain order/the status quo.
- Enlightenment gives rise to the idea that people have rights and there should be social contracts between the people and the government - this is classical liberalism |
|
|
Thinkers for Revolutions
|
State of Nature:
- Hobbes - Locke - Voltaire Social Contract: - Rousseau - Montesquieu - Jefferson |
|
|
Hobbes
|
- Leviathan
- to exist in the state of nature is to exist in a state where life is nasty, brutish, and short - attempt to justify the divine right of kings - life w/o a king would be life in the state of nature - you need a king to keep laws enforced - you owe your life and existence to the king - tutor to the royal family |
|
|
Locke
|
- the state of nature is competitive - Rousseau's hunter-gatherer's trying to survive
- everyone is able to recognize that certain ordering principles do exist - government is the order that we should create among ourselves - need to ensure maximum freedom by ensuring that no one infringes on anyone else's freedom - the great ordering principle |
|
|
Rights of Man
|
Voltaire
possession, free speech, interaction, thought, behaviors - "although I may not agree with what you are saying, I will fight to the death for your right to say it" |
|
|
Rights of the Government
|
Locke
- the government only has the rights the people give it people legitimize the gov't, not the other way around except for in authoritarian gov'ts |
|
|
Colonial Governance
|
Electoral/Representative
no representation in Parliament Less restrictive than on other British Colonies |
|
|
Grievances of American Colonies
|
Navigation Act: restricted the use of Foreign Shipping in the British colonies
Proclamation of 1763: forbid colonists to buy/settle land West of the Appalacians Stamp Act: all trade materials had to have a tax stamp - cost of stamp used to defray military costs in America Duties on Goods and Services |
|
|
Grievance of Opportunity?
|
British weak internationally, militarily overextended, taxation of colonies at an overall high - it was more an opportunity thing!
|
|
|
First Continental Congress
|
1774
12 of 13 colonies came (not Georgia) Resolution to King George against the Stamp Act Colonial militias - everyone to have a gun incase they had to fight off the gov't watchdog committees - disrupt citizens from supporting the British gov't Was declared an 'open act of rebellion' by British Parliament |
|
|
Second Continental Congress
|
1775
fighting in Mass. already underway all 13 colonies came influenced by outside agitation (i.e. Thomas Paine) Declaration of Independence |
|
|
Declaration of Independence
|
First draft introduced in April
passed July 2 after revision first signature July 4 Sealed August 2 Rights of Man and Gov't 27 Grievances |
|
|
Purposes of Dec. of Indep.
|
inform the public of our declaration of independence
listed the grievances to justify having the revolution meant to convince other nations of our independence under Westphalian system |
|
|
27 Grievances
|
Repeated about the representation and law
only 4 about taxes and resource plundering |
|
|
Not just us vs. them
|
Tories - loyal to British government - about half of the population of the colonies
Extensive use of mercenaries by both sides - there weren't that many colonists who were willing to fight against the prevailing government Enemy of my enemy is my friend - France and Spain helped out |
|
|
Battles
|
Lexington and Concord (1774)
Bunker Hill (1775) Trenton (1776 Dec.) Saratoga (1777) King's Mountain (1780 - Tories vs. Patriots) Cowpens (1781) Yorktown (1781) - fought there because that's where the French were willing to bring their army |
|
|
Articles of Confederation
|
Executive branch by committee appointed by the legislature
no national judiciary Legislature - 9 votes to pass anything - each state got a single vote - all reps from any state had to agree to vote one way States could tax and print money no funding for nat'l defense most power rested within the states |
|
|
Why the Constitution?
|
France, Spain, and Britian - we could pay them b/c the nat'l government couldn't tax
French capture of US ships Spain's incursions from the South British reoccupying Maine and NY Shay's rebellion - colonists weren't getting paid so the marched in West Mass. March of the Continental Army: same premise as above, but the army marched on the capitol Failure at Annapolis - Madison and Hamilton called a convention but only 5 states came |
|
|
Constitutional Convention
|
May-August 1787 Philadelphia
Calvinist assumptions played a large part how to stop anarcy w/o causing tyranny? Everybody except RI was there, but they had to pay for it themselves realized they needed a new gov't, not just fix the old one decided to meet in secret - tavern attic hot, 55 men in small room they couldn't move arguing about how the new gov't should work after they spent a month deciding how the convention would work |
|
|
Representative Legislature acc. to Constitution
|
Virginia Plan - representation according to population
NJ Plan - same # of reps per state Connecticut Compromise - bicameral legislature initially the Senate was appointed by State legislatures too keep them from having to always accommodate the broad public |
|
|
Executive acc. to Constitution
|
draws from Locke and Calvin
beholden to the majority of the people in the majority of the states w/o Electoral College, people in rural places wouldn't matter |
|
|
Issue of Slavery w/Constitution
|
Southern states wanted slaves, indentured servants, and bond servants to count as voters
Northern states didn't like that Compromise - slaves and servants would count as 3/5 of a person |
|
|
Issue of Commerce w/Constitution
|
High export tariffs make it difficult to sell products on the open market
high import tariffs protect internal markets but make it difficult to get materials necessary for significant economic development north was well-established economically, so they liked high tariffs it would give the gov't the $ it needed helped us to develop our own methods of industrialization |
|
|
Article I
|
Legislature
Necessary and proper clause - allows the legislature a lot of power they weren't originally supposed to have |
|
|
Article II
|
Executive Branch
President has to be natural born, lived in US 14 years before hand - anywhere you're stationed with the military is U.S. soil - 35 yrs. of age Rights of the president: appoint cabinet members, judicial branch members, serve as commander in chief, host diplomatic events, oversee relations with other countries |
|
|
Article III
|
Judicial branch
worst-written article very vague - only says that there will be a Supreme Court and other courts which Congress decides will be necessary and that justices will serve for life |
|
|
Article IV
|
Relations among states
the closest it comes to speaking about the rights of the individual you can't be mistreated by a state simply b/c you're from another state every state is guaranteed a republican form of gov't |
|
|
Article V
|
Amendments
how the constitution may be amended ratifications held in every state 3/4 of the states have to approve it or a 2/3 majority in the House and Senate we now have 27 amendments, including the Bill of Rights |
|
|
Article VI
|
National Supremacy - national laws superceded state laws
|
|
|
Article VII
|
Ratification
the Constitution shall take effect when 9 of 13 States ratify it |
|
|
Bill of Rights
|
Put forth before the ratification of the Constitution in order to convince federalists to sign it
first thing they would do once the Constitution was ratified would be to ratify the B.O.R. once you write down the 'rights of the people' you have created things which can be judged and interpreted |
|
|
Most important branch of the gov't, originally
|
legislature - we've made the executive more important
|
|
|
Most important article
|
Article I
|
|
|
Federalist Papers
|
Jay, Hamilton, and Madison
arguments which were supposed to win the support of the ppl for ratification of the Constitution if men were angels there would be no need for gov't |
|
|
Article VII
|
Ratification
the Constitution shall take effect when 9 of 13 States ratify it |
|
|
Bill of Rights
|
Put forth before the ratification of the Constitution in order to convince federalists to sign it
first thing they would do once the Constitution was ratified would be to ratify the B.O.R. once you write down the 'rights of the people' you have created things which can be judged and interpreted |
|
|
Most important branch of the gov't, originally
|
legislature - we've made the executive more important
|
|
|
Most important article
|
Article I
|
|
|
Federalist Papers
|
Jay, Hamilton, and Madison
arguments which were supposed to win the support of the ppl for ratification of the Constitution if men were angels there would be no need for gov't |
|
|
Good and the Bad of the Constitution
|
creation of unified gov't, protection of future prosperity, defense of the country
the language is ambiguous so that we don't have to keep rewriting it every few years - it can be reinterpreted instead ambiguity is not good - we should interpret it the way the founding fathers meant it there is no other governing document over 50 years old - this one is 219 years old |
|
|
Diff. philosophical outlook of French liberals
|
didn't use the same Lutheran/Calvinist view of humanity
lead to the utopianism of socialism |
|
|
Parisian Revolution
|
nothing really ever happened outside of Paris
most of the ppl in France weren't a part of what was going on Three parts of society: nobility, merchants, peasants |
|
|
Estates Generale
|
First estate: catholic clergy
Second estate: nobility given their positions by the monarchy - hereditary Third estate: everyone else, aka the merchant class |
|
|
3rd Estate disruption
|
the 3rd estate wanted greater representation
in 1788 Louis XVI allowed the national Assembly - 3rd estate elected representatives to the Assembly however, the nobility was still controlling the gov't 3rd estate walked out, and there was no longer a quorum present |
|
|
Tennis Court Oath
|
First estate decides to align itself with the third b/c they figured that's the way the public would go
they met on the tennis court and made an oath that none of them would go back until there was a national constituent assembly leading to a constitutional assembly |
|
|
National Constituent Assembly
|
King saw that the public was still behind the Catholic church and that would lead the population against the king
conceded the creation of the national constituent Assembly, but not a constitutional monarchy NCS is simply an advisory committee |
|
|
Storming of the Bastille
|
NCS simply an advisory committee - leads to rioting in Paris
early July 1789 Louis XVI sends troops into Paris Parisian militia tried to steal weapons from the Bastille - several are captured and locked up inside it On July 14, 1789, the militia stormed the Bastille in order to free their members who had been imprisoned |
|
|
Changes b/c of French Revolution
|
Declaration of the Rights of Man(1789(
Surrender of Feudal Privileges (1789) Civil Constitution of Clergy (1790) New constitution - Constitutional Monarchy |
|
|
Declaration of the Rights of Man
|
all men have rights just by virtue of their existence - not just citizenship
citizens, however, have special rights you can live your whole life in France w/o becoming a citizen outlines the necessities for being a French citizen - lineage, property ownership, etc. |
|
|
Civil Constitution of Clergy
|
Catholic church was used to propping up the monarchy - you have to reduce the power of the church to reduce the power of the monarchy
clergy had to sign an oath of allegiance to the gov't and agree to obey the laws written for the gov't instead of the laws of the church creates a division within the church - some become civilly constituted and some don't refractory clergy - given authority by the Pope - fight with the civil clergy |
|
|
Economic Issues following the initial French Revolution
|
How to pay for the Seven Years' War?
take money from the church triggers infighting in between refractory and civil clergy Jacobins' answer: declare war on Austria - bring people together by giving them someone else to hate |
|
|
Second (Radical) Revolution
|
set off by loss of the war to Austria
Going to the Mountain Imprisonment and Execution of King Louis XVI Committee of Public Safety Civic Virtue Dechristianization of France |
|
|
Going to the Mountain
|
Sans-culottes overthrew the Jacobins
Jacobins sat up high in the Assembly Hall so it was called 'Going to the Mountain' Sans-culottes = w/o knee-britches - they wore long pants Sans-culottes represented the working class population who were bearing the brunt of the economic downturn in France and were fighting in the wars |
|
|
Committee of Public Safety
|
they needed an executive to replace the monarchy
Committee is appointed - made up of Jacobins, Sans-culottes, and other radicals 15 ppl, set about rewriting French gov't and civic society |
|
|
Civic virtue
|
people should be content to work well with the gov't
it's virtue for you to work well and cooperate with the gov't |
|
|
Dechristianization of France
|
replacing Christianity with the worship of civic society
a part of civic virtue |
|
|
the Convention
|
declared war on most of Europe
led to civil war inside of France meant to recreate the gov't of France, but ends up doing the above - they were broke and didn't know how they should formulate the gov't rioting and conflict and civil war spread out from Paris |
|
|
Reign of Terror
|
Fall 1793 to Summer 1794
reaction to Girondists - couldn't win the war w/Austria or suppress enemies within - Jacobins reasserted themselves Revolution Tribunals 40,000 victims - mostly peasants and sans-culottes Robespierre lead the way |
|
|
Revolution Tribunals
|
Goal: to clean the rest of the nobility out of Paris
also, moved out into the countryside to execute opponents of the Parisian revolution - they say the lack of support is responsible for their losses |
|
|
Maximilien Robespierre
|
-Jacobin
-Supporter of republic governance Leader of the reign of terror - getting rid of the element of society which lacks understanding of civic virtue -Cult of the Supreme Being -killed on 9th of Thermidor |
|
|
Cult of the Supreme Being
|
-You can't be dedicated to the republic if you're dedicated to religion
-a religious understanding of civic government - ppl should worship the gov'ts leader - Robespierre |
|
|
National Assembly, Post-Revolution
|
Three consuls elected by nat'l assembly
nat'l assembly elected by citizens, not just people about 1/3 of the male population could vote elites do the governing |
|
|
Napoleon Bio
|
Born 15 Aug 1769
Corsican (Italian) Childhood nickname: the Disrupter Educated in French military schools - loved artillery and math wanted to be in the French navy - wanted to apply math and artillery to naval command one day exit exam scores were too low, went to the French army instead |
|
|
Napoleon in 1789 Revolution
|
supported the Jacobins
took leave for 2 yrs to work in the family business in Corsica Artillery Commander at Toulon - recalled from leave b/c the convention declared war on everyone - forced British to abandon Toulon Became associate of Robespierre's brother and was imprisoned for a while after Robespierre's death 1795 Whiff of Grapeshot - Napoleon put in the riots to prove his loyalty to the new French gov't |
|
|
Napoleon's Italian Campaign
|
-Little corporal
-refused to dethrone Pope -defeated Austrian Army -Consolidated French territories in Italy -Sept 1797 - Purge of Royalists in Paris |
|
|
Napoleon's Egyptian Campaign
|
the Directory agreed to get Napoleon out of France
resounding success on land resounding failure at sea ordered back to France in 1799 - French gov't couldn't afford to continue the campaign and didn't want Napoleon to be captured there -Napoleon creates a treaty with the British to share the area and for safe passage back to France - the British break the treaty and force France out of Egypt |
|
|
Coup of 18 Brumaire
|
Republic bankrupt
Directory unpopular 9 Nov 1799 (18 Brumaire): -legislature dispersed -three consuls imprisoned -Napoleon elected sole consul Constitution Year VIII - named first consul Constitution Year X - named consul for life |
|
|
Napoleonic Reforms
|
-Centralized gov't: one gov't headed by one seat
-higher education: opened colleges and institutions - wanted to make education easier to obtain for those who weren't elites -Tax system -Central Bank -Legal codes: no jury, just judge, prosecutor and defender -for every infraction there is specific punishment - no range of punishments -this last part is still used in Louisiana |
|
|
Napoleon Becomes Emperor
|
-Assassination plot uncovered
-2 Dec. 1804 Napoleon declares himself emperor and is crowned BY THE POPE -Europe reacted by forming the 3rd coalition - England, Spain, Netherlands, Austria, Prussia, etc. |
|
|
Napoleonic Wars
|
20 Oct. Battle of Ulm - victory
21 Oct. Battle of Trafalgar - loss wins on land, loses on water 1806-1807 defeat of Prussia signs treaty dividing Europe with Czar AlexanderI |
|
|
Peninsular wars
|
Continental system: European countries only allowed to trade with others on the continent - directed against the British
Napoleon invades Spain and Portugal b/c the trade with the British Austria-Prussia ally -Draw at Aspern-Essling -Victory at Wagram |
|
|
Invasion of Russia by Napoleon
|
-Czar Alexander goes back on the Continental system
-Napoleon sent 600,000 troops to Russia -forces were to support themselves through scavenging -Russian retreat/scorched earth - the destroyed everything that could be used by an advancing army -Borodino (1812 Overture) - French caught up with the retreating army -Moscow - French won, but couldn't maintain a presence - down to 200,000 troops, and Moscow was left a ghost town -French retreat - 40,000 return from Russia |
|
|
Sixth Coalition
|
-UK, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Austria, Russia, Prussia
-Battle of Dresden (1813) - victory for French -Battle of Leipzig (Oct. 1813) - outnumbered 3 to 1 - a loss for Napoleon |
|
|
Hundred Days
|
Napoleon is exiled to Elba - got an allowance and was allowed to correspond with family/friends
-Restoration of King Louis XVIII -Terms of exile were broken by Louis, so Napoleon snuck off the island and returned to France -Army loves him and was glad he was back -he and his army marched across France -at Waterloo, his army was soundly defeated |
|
|
Exile to St. Helena
|
After Battle of Waterloo
extreme South Atlantic - between Falkan Islands and Antarctica - cold wet and nasty sent there October 1815 died May 1821 |
|
|
Napoleon's Legacy
|
Professional conscript army
new military operations strategy new ideas of defeat - destroy military, economy, and sociopolitical structures in order to completely destroy the nation Napoleonic code, which is still used in France Napoleon's Theorem (Math) Ultimate loss of Status for France - never again made it to world power status inspiration for later autocrats (Hitler, anyone?) |
|
|
Theories of Population Growth
|
-Thomas Malthus' "Essay on the Principle of Human Population"
-Marquis de Condorcet's "Progress of the Human Mind" |
|
|
Thomas Malthus
|
Anglican priest of poor parish in north-central England
Fearful that rapid population growth and urbanization would make food scarce population growth has an adverse effect on the environment and its ability to support a population the world would be gone by 1850 Sustainable population = the population which has the ability to survive on the resources present the truth is that the earth can probably sustain about 12 billion people |
|
|
Marquis de Condorcet
|
said that the great progress of the human mind is shown by population growth
|
|
|
Patterns of Population Change
|
Dispersal
-John Locke - those who use property the best have a right to it -New frontiers -disease - the native ppl were unable to fight off the foreign diseases Urbanization -need jobs for people - labor-intensive technology -Asia -Europe |
|
|
Why population growth?
|
Improved food supply (monoculture vs. crop diversity)
improved hygiene Progress -Medicine (citrus juice for scurvy, innoculation - cowpox for small pox) -Economic power shift -enabled population to remain high and healthy and spread throughout the world |
|
|
Chinese Economic Trends
|
Internal marketplace - didn't trade outside of the country
Low-tech industry - relied on human workers Canton Trade system |
|
|
Canton Trade system
|
Guangzhou - the only the international port - called Canton
recognized 14 foreign governments who could purchase things at that port for years, this was the only way you could trade with China |
|
|
China's economic vulnerability
|
there was one product the chinese wanted but the couldn't get - opium - had to trade with the British for it
Refused to mechanize Emperor refused to acknowledge that there were Western technologies that would be good for them economy finally collapsed |
|
|
Indian Economic Trends
|
Low-tech industry
Oppressive gov't for which the ppl don't want to work Mughal system Export orientation East India Company taxation |
|
|
Western European Economic Trends
|
-Science and Industrialization - tying industrial development to the new things we were learning about nature - i.e. using coal to create energy
-Technological advancement -Import Substitution Industrialization -Labor value - labor has inherent value, adds value to the finished product but isn't the sole source of the product's value -Rise of industrial complexes -Resource base expansion ---ISI and Industrial Growth require metal, foodstuffs, and textile fibers ---Changing desires: coffee, tea, sugar |
|
|
Effects of population growth/expansion
|
Influx of non-native species
introduction of invasive species Expanded food trade Expansion/replacement of subsistence affluence - having more than you need so you can become affluent displacement of tradition culture |
|
|
Reasons for Eastern decline
|
Failure to exploit opportunity
-Omani Kingdom -China - embedded cultural belief that what's outside of their culture can't help them Failure to maintain populat support -Mughal Empire |
|
|
East India Company in India
|
1756 Bengal mission
Mysore Wars (1766-1799) Maratha Wars (1775-1818) |
|
|
Bengal Mission
|
1756-1757
-Rober Clive sent on a punitive mission against Siraj Ad Daulah b/c he was mistreating women/children - won against the French and Siraj at Plassey -EIC gained control of the Bengal |
|
|
Mysore Wars
|
1766-1799
-Nawab of Awadh and Shah Alam II -Battle of Buxar in 1764 -EIC secured the ability to collect taxes |
|
|
Maratha Wars
|
1775-1818
-left pretty much all of India under control of EIC -Three campaigns: first of the sets of Indian campaigns in which the EIC was lent British troops to fight on their behalf -Commander who would defeat Napoleon would first command troops in Maratha Wars |
|
|
Slave Trade pre-1700
|
Trans-Atlantic: 2.2 mil
Saharan: 6.2 mil Swahili and Arabic: 3.1 mil |
|
|
Slave Trade 1800-1900
|
Trans-Atlantic: 3.3 mil
Saharan: 1.4 mil Swahili & Arabic: 1.9 mil |
|
|
Slavery Spanish vs. US controlled
|
-Most trans-atlantic went to Spanish-controlled - where the life expectancy was about 13 months
-Slavery wasn't always about race - it was about cheap labor (cost more to pay a worker than buy a slave) -In US younger slaves took care of older slaves, tying up extra slaves - slaveholders weren't neglectful |
|
|
Slave Trade 1700-1800
|
Trans-Atlantic 6.13 mil
Saharan: 821,800 Swahili & Arabic: 458,000 |
|
|
Leibniz's Principles
|
Identity/Contradiction
Indentity/Discernability Sufficiency Pre-established harmony Continuity optimism Plenitude |
|
|
Identity/Contradiction
|
If a proposition is true, then its negation is false, and vice versa
|
|
|
Identity/Discernability
|
Two things are identical if and only if they share the same properties
|
|
|
Sufficiency
|
There has to be a sufficient reason for anything to exist, for any truth to be obtained, for any event to occur (often known only to God)
|
|
|
Pre-established harmony
|
pre-existing nature of each substance causes what happens when they come into contact
|
|
|
continuity
|
natura non saltum facit - nature not at least the making - nature is not always the only cause for something to exist/happen
|
|
|
Optimism
|
God always chooses the best according to His plan
|
|
|
Plenitude
|
the best of all possible worlds would actualize every genuine possibility and contain all possibilities, and man's finite experience gives no reason to dispute nature's perfection
|
|
|
European Economy Pre-Enlightenment
|
-Unfavorable trade balance with Asia
-Gold and silver the basis of wealth -restricted trade, drained of money in circulation, market wars because Marcado said that trading/exchange of money/economy was bad for a country |
|
|
Europe in Enlightenment
|
-Laissez-faire economics
-Ricardo on wages -Adam Smith --betterment of individual condition --taxation is an evil --invisible hand which leads the rich to make the same distribution of the necessities of life which would have been made had the money initially been split up between everyone ---taxation keeps the invisible hand from working/moving |
|
|
Marie-Olympe de Gouges
|
-"Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen"
-Scathing critique of society, government, church which supported the mistreatment of females -beheaded a year later (she was a royalist defending Louis XVI) |
|
|
Mary Wollstonecraft
|
-"A Vindication of the Rights of Woman"
-Vitriolic diatribe concerning the mistreatment of women -championed bisexual relationships -told women they should leave their families if they felt they were being treated unfairly - don't try to make it work, just leave |
|
|
Limiting of Catholic Church/Christianity in General in Enlightenment
|
-Caused in part by the recognition in the Treaty of Westphalia that the countries had been pitted against each other by religion
-seizure of church property -state licensing of clergy -the states wanted to make sure they had control over the citizens and the church didn't |
|
|
Religious Revival in Enlightenment
|
-Among general population
-Attempted to reach hearts instead of minds -Jonathan Edwards in New England -John Wesley in England and Wales -Handel's "Messiah" |
|
|
Romanticism
|
-attempt to blend scientific knowledge and study of the natural realm with the beauty of the natural world - merger of romantic ideals and scientific knowledge
-cult of nature - worshipping creation instead of the creator -Darwin - species evolve and adapt to their environments - no primordial soup -Rousseau and the noble savage -Led by naturalists and writers -Fueled by philosophy (Rousseau vs. Kant, noble savages, state as corporate entity) |
|
|
Rousseau's noble savage
|
-when man is left on his own, he creates good things
-bad things happen when we put ourselves together into civilizations and states |
|
|
Basis for 19th Century Development
|
Population explosion and the need for food - the right kind of food and transporting where you are transporting people
|
|
|
Population Changes
|
1800: 950 million ppl
1900: 1.6 billion Growth rate of 1% per year (it hadn't reached but 0.5% before) 1800: 4 heavily populated areas (Asia, East Asia, India, Western Europe) 1900: 8 Heavily populated areas (including America) |
|
|
Why Population Growth? (tied to energy revolutions)
|
Global disease trends
solutions to nutritional issues Human solutions to issues that would cause famine Malthus was wrong |
|
|
Global Disease trends
|
-Rate and range of expansion of diseases did not catch up with the expansion of the population in the way we should have expected
- only the influenze epidemic in the early 1900s was an explosion of disease -typhoid and cholera increased b/c they are sanitation-related, but the epidemics were not significant enought to slow down population growth |
|
|
Reponse to Famine issues
|
-Famine is not an ecological disaster
-it is man-made -caused by lack of human solutions (or bad solutions) to ecological problems (like El Nino and La Nina) |
|
|
Response to Malthus
|
-Family size decreased to 4.5 ppl
- smaller families but more ppl -ppl worked enough to make food for the extra ppl |
|
|
What is needed to increase food production?
|
-Land
-Fertilization -New crops -New technologies |
|
|
New Crops
|
-Crops brought from foreign locations with similar soil combinations
-New types -Hybridization: Luther Burbank created over 1000 new types of plants this way - including the Burbank Russet potato |
|
|
New Technology
|
-irrigation, farming, etc.
-steel farming implements -refrigeration - made it easier to transport foodstuffs over long distances -Railroads -Mills/granaries (process grains and make them easier to transport) -Canning (Spallzani and Pasteur) -Mass production |
|
|
Spallzani
|
-discovered dropping a jar of liquid with a lid into a pot of hot water created a vacuum seal
|
|
|
How to get more land
|
whoever could make the best use of land should own it
-deforestation -wetland reclamation -north american prairies -South American pampas -Australia/New Zealand |
|
|
Fertilization
|
-Crop rotation
-Manure use: found that it's full of nitrogen and that's what makes it effective - bat droppings are especially helpful for this reason) -Recognition of phosphates --natural and chemically created --chemically created: properties can be boosted and made to go further - easier to ship than real manure |
|
|
Reasons for Industrialization
|
Militarization
Logistics |
|
|
Militarization = Industrialization
|
-creation of large standing armies to compete for space and protect the space you have
-Empires -Mobility -Technology |
|
|
Logistics = Industrialization
|
-In order to have a large standing army, you have to be able to feed it
-This led to productivity innovations -A soldier needs 3200 calories a day to perform optimally -Margarine was invented by the French navy to transport and store fat w/o needing refrigeration -Spallzani created canning to transport veggies for the Italian army -Pasteur - transportation of diary products for the French army |
|
|
Fuel and Industrialization
|
Energy: provide energy for ppl so that they can use their time in other ways, rather than searching for energy (food)
-Effects of coal and oil usage: --allows for liberation of land: can use timber products for production of facilities --you can produce a greater volume of heat than with wood -coal is the primary fuel source for the IR |
|
|
Why Industrialize?
|
Labor: less needed for the same result - saves time and $
Demand: greater number of ppl = more demand = greater need for production - too much needed to be made by human hands -Money supply - as this increases, it needs to circulate so that $ can be invested in productivity -Romanticism |
|
|
Moralist Condemnation
|
-Soulless worker
-disease-breeding environment -urbanization -captains of industry: the factory owners, plant managers - they lived in the countryside - where there workers lived was not good enough for them |
|
|
Railroad in IR
|
-improvement was essential to the economic development of this country
-figuring out how to make more efficient steam engines -number of miles of steel track you lay down - steel lasts longer than anything else they had at the time |
|
|
Steamships
|
In 1818 6 weeks to cross the Atlantic with no delays/storms
In 1819 - paddle wheel and steam engine - 27 days In 1838 - improved steam engine and ship design- 10-12 days in the worst of weather Became most-used form of oceanic transport |
|
|
Electricity
|
-We knew about this before
-in the 1800s they learned how to harness and use it -Communication: telephone lines work by interrupting flow of electricity - made communication nearly instantaneous -Battle of New Orleans: fought 2 months after War of 1812 was over b/c they didn't know - perils of bad communication |
