Mod 9

Front 1

Holocene

Back 1

Present to 10,000 years ago

Front 2

Pleistocene

Back 2

10,000 years ago to 2 million

Front 3

Pliocene

Back 3

2 million years ago to 5.5 m

Front 4

Miocene

Back 4

5.5 million years ago to 25m

Front 5

Biped

Back 5

Only hominins exhibit bipedal behavior and they center gravity over two limbs

Front 6

Vertebral column

Back 6

S-shaped spine resulting from two curvature in lumbar and cervical region

Front 7

Foramen magnum

Back 7

Hole in the bottom of the skull that attaches to vertebral column

Front 8

Os-coxae

Back 8

Consists of two innominate bones, each of which is composed of ischium, ilium and pubis

Front 9

Condyles

Back 9

Two ridges that supports weight

Front 10

What are the differences between human and primate dental arcades?

Back 10

Human is parabolic reflecting smaller teeth, primate is u-shaped

Front 11

Cp3 complex

Back 11

Upper canine, lower canine, diastema and sectoral premolar

Front 12

Why did we become bipeds?

Back 12

Energy related factors and ecological related factors dietary and sexual selection related

Front 13

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Back 13

Oldest member of the human family (7-6 mya)

Front 14

Orrorin tugenensis

Back 14

"Millennium man" (6mya) second oldest

Front 15

Ardipithecus

Back 15

Ramidus (4.4 mya)/ kadabba (5.8 mya)

Front 16

Austrolopithecus

Back 16

"Southern ape" (4.2-1 mya)

Front 17

Austrolopithecus anamesis

Back 17

(4.2-3.9 mya) may be ancestral to all austro

Front 18

Austrolopithecus afarensis

Back 18

(3.9-2.9 mya) "Lucy" no cp3 complex present and has bicuspids

Front 19

Sagittal crest

Back 19

Ridge of bone running lengthwise along middle of skull indicating strong jaws

Front 20

Laetoli footprints

Back 20

evidence of hominin bipedalism

Front 21

Australopithecus africanus

Back 21

(3.5 – 2.0 m.y.a.) Face, teeth, and endocast.

Front 22

Endocast

Back 22

a cast of the internal surface of the braincase.

Front 23

Gracile Australopithecines

Back 23

anamensis, afarensis, and africanus

Front 24

Robust Australopithecines

Back 24

aethiopicus, boisei, and robustus

(strong molars & strong temporalis/masseter masticatory muscle. found with tools)

Front 25

bicuspids

Back 25

premolars

Front 26

Paranthropus aethiopicus

Back 26

(2.7 – 2.5 m.y.a.)
A. afarensis because of its small brain case & prognathism, flat cranial base, and small anterior teeth "the black skull"

Front 27

Paranthropus boisei

Back 27

(2.3 – 1.2 m.y.a.)
A. aethiopicus, huge molars

Front 28

Paranthropus robustus

Back 28

(2.0 – 1.5 m.y.a.)
Foramen magnum indicated bipedality
masticatory features are the same as in the other robusts

Front 29

Who's the prettiest girl?

Back 29

Riley is the prettiest girl