Mngt 360 Chapter 7

Front 1

The open to development criterion says that the construct must be traitlike as opposed to statelike in order to be included in positive organizational behavior.

Back 1

FALSE

Front 2

According to the three levels of positive psychology identified by Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi, altruism, responsibility, and tolerance are positive individual traits.

Back 2

FALSE

Front 3

The first and most theoretically developed and researched positive organizational behavior construct is optimism.

Back 3

FALSE

Front 4

General efficacy is statelike.

Back 4

FALSE

Front 5

The self-efficacy process starts after individuals select their choices and initiate their effort.

Back 5

FALSE

Front 6

Successful performance automatically raises the level of efficacy.

Back 6

FALSE

Front 7

Optimists make external (not their fault), stable, and specific (problem only in this situation) attributions.

Back 7

FALSE

Front 8

The shortened version of Seligman's theory-based Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ) has been found to be very easy to fake optimism.

Back 8

FALSE

Front 9

Hope is a part of mainstream organizational behavior literature.

Back 9

FALSE

Front 10

According to Diener and Biswas-Diener, happiness is linearly related to health and longevity, relationships, and effectiveness at work.

Back 10

FALSE

Front 11

From studies conducted by Judge and colleagues, it can be concluded that people who are satisfied with their lives tend to be more satisfied at work and vice versa.

Back 11

FALSE

Front 12

Howard Gardner found that intelligence is mainly genetic and fixed at birth.

Back 12

FALSE

Front 13

Stamina is an example of a cognitive ability.

Back 13

FALSE

Front 14

The vast majority of jobs in today's workplace are concerned more with physical abilities.

Back 14

FALSE

Front 15

Giving people positive feedback and pointing out their strengths for successfully accomplishing a task does not seem to be processed by most people with as much impact as negative feedback.

Back 15

TRUE

Front 16

Magnitude measures the level of task difficulty that a person believes he or she is capable of executing.

Back 16

TRUE

Front 17

Cognitive mastery modeling is the ability to learn thinking skills and how to apply them by observing the decision rules and reasoning strategies successful models use as they arrive at solutions to problems and make effective decisions.

Back 17

TRUE

Front 18

Pessimism is known to lead to passivity, failure, social estrangement, and, in its extreme, depression and mortality.

Back 18

TRUE

Front 19

As per the concept of learned optimism, anyone, including pessimists, can learn the skills to be an optimist.

Back 19

TRUE

Front 20

Resiliency can be developed through enhancing the assets that a person possesses, through education, training, and nurturing social relationships.

Back 20

TRUE

Front 21

Psychological capital transcends beyond economic, social, and human capital.

Back 21

TRUE

Front 22

According to a research study, PsyCap was found to be positively related to desired organizational citizenship behaviors and negatively to undesired organization cynicism, intentions to quit, and counterproductive workplace behaviors.

Back 22

TRUE

Front 23

PsyCap is statelike and open to development.

Back 23

TRUE

Front 24

Positive psychological theory and research prefers to use the more precise and operationally defined term subjective well-being, or SWB, instead of happiness.

Back 24

TRUE

Front 25

Personality traits and mood states have separate influences or emotional processing.

Back 25

TRUE

Front 26

Emotional labor not only has dysfunctional consequences for the employees doing it, but also detracts from effective customer service.

Back 26

TRUE

Front 27

In order to be included in positive organizational behavior, a construct must:
A. be atheoretical.
B. have reliable and valid measures.
C. be traitlike.
D. be a physiological resource capacity.

Back 27

B. have reliable and valid measures.

Front 28

Positive psychology is concerned with _____ human functioning instead of _____ human functioning.
A. random, structured
B. creative, routine
C. optimal, pathological
D. intelligent, routine

Back 28

C. optimal, pathological

Front 29

Which among the following is a valued subjective experience according to Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi?
A. Altruism
B. Perseverance
C. Satisfaction
D. Tolerance

Back 29

C. Satisfaction

Front 30

Which among the following is a positive individual trait according to Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi?
A. Contentment
B. Responsibility
C. Hope
D. Sensibility

Back 30

D. Sensibility

Front 31

Which among the following is classified as civic virtues and institutions that move individuals towards better citizenship according to Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi?
A. Spirituality
B. Optimism
C. Interpersonal skill
D. Nurturance

Back 31

D. Nurturance

Front 32

According to positive psychologist such as Sonja Lyubomirsky, one's level of H-R-W well-being is determined by all of the following, EXCEPT:
A. a genetic, dispositional "hard-wiring" set point.
B. life's circumstances.
C. intentional activity.
D. personal outlook.

Back 32

D. personal outlook.

Front 33

It is the capability for _____ that serves as the theoretical basis for self-efficacy.
A. adaptation
B. self-reflection
C. behavioral patterns
D. learning

Back 33

B. self-reflection

Front 34

What does Bandura strongly emphasize as being the most pervading and important of the psychological mechanisms of self-influence?
A. Optimism
B. Self-efficacy
C. Resilience
D. Hope

Back 34

B. Self-efficacy

Front 35

Which among the following statements is true regarding general self efficacy?
A. It is highly variable depending on the task.
B. It is cognitively processed by the individual before any effort is expended.
C. It is like a personality trait.
D. It is statelike.

Back 35

C. It is like a personality trait.

Front 36

In comparison to self efficacy, self-esteem is:
A. a global construct of one's evaluation and belief of overall worthiness.
B. changing over time as new information and task experiences are gained.
C. a current assessment of one's future success at a task.
D. one's belief about a task-and context-specific capability.

Back 36

A. a global construct of one's evaluation and belief of overall worthiness.

Front 37

Bandura has argued that _____ attributions are causal beliefs about action-outcome contingencies, whereas self-efficacy is an individual's belief about his or her abilities and cognitive resources that can be marshaled together to successfully execute a specific task.
A. resiliency
B. general self-efficacy
C. self-esteem
D. locus of control

Back 37

D. locus of control

Front 38

The evaluation/perception of how individuals believe they can use abilities or resources to accomplish the given task leads to the expectations of personal efficacy which, in turn, determines all these EXCEPT:
A. the decision to perform the specific task in this context.
B. the amount of effort that will be expended to accomplish a task.
C.the level of persistence that will be forthcoming despite problems, disconfirming evidence, and
adversity.
D. the kind of relationships formed at the completion of the task.

Back 38

D. the kind of relationships formed at the completion of the task.

Front 39

After the evaluation of the process and the impact of self-efficacy, it is seen that self-efficacy can directly affect all these EXCEPT:
A. choice behaviors.
B. motivational effort.
C. happiness quotients.
D. perseverance.

Back 39

C. happiness quotients.

Front 40

According to Bandura, efficacy depends on how the individual interprets and cognitively processes the _____.
A. success
B. objective
C. ideology
D. information

Back 40

A. success

Front 41

When Bandura stated that, "If people see others like themselves succeed by sustained effort, they come to believe that they, too, have the capacity to succeed. Conversely, observing the failure of others instills doubts about one's own ability to master similar activities," what source of efficacy was he talking about?
A. Mastery experiences and performance attainments
B. Social persuasion
C. Vicarious experiences and modeling
D. Physiological and psychological arousal

Back 41

C. Vicarious experiences and modeling

Front 42

The key for successful training and transfer to the job with regard to social persuasion is:
A. trainees must learn they are the cause of their performance.
B. model(s) used should have similar demographic attributes, and the training being done should be similar to what the trainees will be doing back on the job.
C. make sure trainees experiencing physical or psychological symptoms interpret them as the nature of the training task and not some personal inadequacy (i.e., lack of ability).
D. all comments have impact, so feedback must be phrased positively to build trainee confidence.

Back 42

D. all comments have impact, so feedback must be phrased positively to build trainee confidence.

Front 43

Among the following variables, deduced through research conducted by Stajkovic and Luthans, this shows a greater average gain in performance than the results from the meta-analyses of other popular organizational behavior interventions.
A. Goal setting
B. Organizational behavior modification
C. Feedback
D. Self-efficacy

Back 43

D. Self-efficacy

Front 44

Which of the following indicates whether the magnitude is strong and likely to produce perseverance when difficulties are encountered?
A. Motivation
B. Strength
C. Relations
D. Feedback

Back 44

B. Strength

Front 45

Bandura categorized his approach to training and development into three areas. Which of the following areas includes instructive modeling, guided skill perfection, and transfer of training back to the job to ensure self-directed success?
A. Development of self-regulatory competencies
B. Cognitive mastery modeling
C. Guided mastery
D. Learned behavior

Back 45

C. Guided mastery

Front 46

A recent meta-analysis evaluating the effects of behavioral modeling training (BMT) found that the greatest impact of BMT was when all these factors were present EXCEPT:
A. practice included trainer-generated scenarios.
B. trainers were instructed to set goals.
C. trainees' supervisors were also trained.
D. rewards and sanctions were instituted in the trainees' work environment.

Back 46

A. practice included trainer-generated scenarios.

Front 47

Whenever Harry experiences a setback, he often attributes it to being his own fault and believes that it will last for a long time. He also tends to think that the problem will affect everything else he does. According to Seligman, Harry's explanatory style in interpreting misfortune can be described as:
A. internal, unstable, and global.
B. external, stable, and specific.
C. internal, stable, and global.
D. external, unstable, and global.

Back 47

C. internal, stable, and global.

Front 48

Although optimism is sometimes portrayed as a stable personality trait, Seligman has led the way in popularizing _____, which says that anyone, including pessimists, can learn the skills to be an optimist.
A. learning optimism
B. cultivating optimism
C. building optimism
D. learned optimism

Back 48

D. learned optimism

Front 49

In the field of positive organizational behavior, which process can contribute to the learning of optimism?
A. Social learning process of modeling
B. Social persuasion
C. Physiological and psychological arousal
D. Mastery experience or performance attainment

Back 49

A. Social learning process of modeling

Front 50

Peterson has pointed out the drawbacks of "realistic optimism" as opposed to "_____" with regard to effective leadership.
A. expanded optimism
B. group optimism
C. false optimism
D. slotted optimism

Back 50

C. false optimism

Front 51

All of the following statements about Seligman's Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ) are true, EXCEPT:
A. it was designed to determine habitual explanatory style.
B. it contains lie scales.
C. it has been found to be very difficult to fake optimism.
D. it requires respondents to interpret 3 good and 3 bad vignettes.

Back 51

D. it requires respondents to interpret 3 good and 3 bad vignettes.

Front 52

Previously in clinical psychology, this was largely portrayed as a uni-dimensional construct involving an overall perception that one can attain his or her goals.
A. Optimism.
B. Self-efficacy.
C. Happiness.
D. Hope.

Back 52

D. Hope.

Front 53

According to C. Rick Snyder, this is termed as goal-directed energy.
A. Pathways
B. Quotients
C. Creativity
D. Agency

Back 53

D. Agency

Front 54

In positive psychology, this has been defined as "a class of phenomena characterized by patterns of positive adaptation in the context of significant adversity or risk."
A. Resilience
B. Hope
C. Self-efficacy
D. Optimism

Back 54

A. Resilience

Front 55

Based on the established research of positive psychologist Ann Masten and her colleagues, resiliencyhas been found to be influenced and developed by three types of factors: assets, risks, and adaptational processes. As per this research, risk factors can be managed:
A. through education, training, and nurturing social relationships.
B. by improving the quality of resources available for people to draw upon.
C. through appropriate physical and psychological healthcare.
D. by developing other positive psychological capacities.

Back 55

C. through appropriate physical and psychological healthcare.

Front 56

Which of the following statements is true regarding PsyCap?
A. It focuses on human capital i.e. knowledge, skills, abilities, and experience.
B. It is a first-order core construct.
C. It was found to be positively related to desired organizational citizenship behaviors.
D. It was found to be more stable than recognized personality traits.

Back 56

C. It was found to be positively related to desired organizational citizenship behaviors.

Front 57

According to the Psychological Capital Intervention model, which among the following is a distal outcome?
A. Experiencing success
B. Developing positive expectancy
C. Realistic optimism
D. Sustainable veritable performance impact

Back 57

D. Sustainable veritable performance impact

Front 58

As an important part of the positive psychology movement, _____ popularity and importance reflect societal trends valuing the good life and what makes people happy.
A. subjective well-being's
B. social structuring's
C. optimism's
D. self-efficacy's

Back 58

A. subjective well-being's

Front 59

Which of the following statements is true regarding happiness according to Diener and Biswas-Diener?
A. Happiness is a process.
B. Happiness is a place.
C. There is no such thing as an optimal level of happiness.
D. Happiness shares a linear relationship with health and longevity.

Back 59

A. Happiness is a process.

Front 60

Which among the following is a guideline prescribed by Lyubomirsky for developing and sustaining happiness?
A. Set moderate goals
B. Limit one's social connections
C. Live for the future
D. Practice gratitude

Back 60

D. Practice gratitude

Front 61

Which among the following is a descriptor of the positive primary emotion of surprise?
A. Wonder
B. Zest
C. Euphoria
D. Infatuation

Back 61

A. Wonder

Front 62

Service personnel are required to display false expressions and positive emotions such as smiling. This concept is known as:
A. concealment.
B. camouflage.
C. masking.
D. emotional labor.

Back 62

D. emotional labor.

Front 63

Which of the following statements is true regarding the multiple intelligences identified by Gardner?
A. They can be equated with a learning style.
B. They can be equated with a working style.
C. They are based wholly on empirical evidence.
D. They represent a domain.

Back 63

C. They are based wholly on empirical evidence.

Front 64

According to Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences, a person who processes analytically, calculates, and quantifies is characterized by:
A. intrapersonal intelligence.
B. musical intelligence.
C. logical/mathematical intelligence.
D. visual/spatial intelligence.

Back 64

C. logical/mathematical intelligence.

Front 65

A person uses mental models, thinks three dimensionally, and pictures how to get places or solve problems is said to possess:
A. naturalist intelligence.
B. existential intelligence.
C. visual/spatial intelligence.
D. bodily/kinesthetic intelligence.

Back 65

C. visual/spatial intelligence.

Front 66

Applied to the workplace, _____ refers to the aptitudes and learned capabilities needed to successfully accomplish a task.
A. ability
B. experience
C. training
D. opportunity

Back 66

A. ability

Front 67

According to the cognitive abilities related to job performance, which mental ability should a supervisor following organization policy on sexual harassment have?
A. Verbal comprehension
B. Memory
C. Spatial visualization
D. Perceptual speed

Back 67

A. Verbal comprehension

Front 68

A knowledge manager who draws from his past experiences in order to advise a newly formed project team is utilizing which of the following mental abilities?
A. Verbal comprehension
B. Numerical
C. Spatial visualization
D. Memory

Back 68

D. Memory

Front 69

According to Daniel Goleman, which among the following EI dimensions is characterized by the ability to shake off negative emotions and get back on constructive track for problem solution?
A. Self-awareness
B. Social skills
C. Self-management
D. Empathy

Back 69

C. Self-management

Front 70

A manager in the office, having understood from the nonverbal cues from his staff members that they were unhappy with the new policy being presented, visited each member to explain how they would benefit from it. Which dimension of EI does this situation represent?
A. Self-motivation
B. Self-management
C. Empathy
D. Social skills

Back 70

D. Social skills