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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Microvilli contain _____ that are important for _____. |
Microvilli contain ACTIN that are important for ABSORPTION. |
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Cilia and flagella contain ______ that enable _________. |
Cilia and flagella contain MICROTUBULES that enable MOVEMENT. |
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Inside cilia and flagella is a microtubule-based cytoskeletoncalled the ______ |
axoneme (a pair of singlets) the central microtubule unit |
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What is the arrangement of microtubulesin cilia and flagella? |
9+2 arrangement 9 doublets lining the circle + 2 singlets in the middle |
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What is the motor that powers microtubule movement? |
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What is the MTOC of cilia and flagella? |
basal body a triplet organization of microtubules |
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Nexin |
A MAP that joins adjacentouter doublets forms radial projections from Atubule towards centralpair. |
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Axonemal dynein |
induces controlled sliding of outer doublets branches from A tubule of each doublet each has an outer-arm dynein and an inner-arm dynein |
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What happens if nexin is removed? |
nexin is removed by protease microtubules slide past one another |
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Cytoplasmic dynein? |
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Intraflagellar Transport |
movement of cargos up and down the cilia and flagella |
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What are the two motors that areimportant for intraflagellar Transport? |
Kinesin-2: anterograde transport for tip-directed movement Cytoplasmic dynein: retrograde transport for base-directed movement |
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What is the biological function ofcilia? |
sensory perception |
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Cilia mechanoreceptors |
Cilium extend from epithelial cells lining the kidney tubules and monitors the flow offluids. |
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Cilia chemoreceptors |
Cilium of olfactory neurons help detectodors. |
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Cilia photoreceptors |
outer segment of the rods in the vertebrate retinaderived from cilium |
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Whathappens to kidney function if IFT is disrupted? |
Disease like Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) decreased ability to monitor flow |
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How do cilia and flagella lengthen? |
Activation of dyne causes microtubules to slide past one another |
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What is the biological function of flagella |
cellular movement |
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Stages of the Cell |
MItosis (cell division) G1 (cell grows) S (replication of DNA) G2 (cell prepares to divide) |
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Phases of mitosis |
[[ Interphase ]] Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase [[ Cytokinesis ]] |
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Interphase |
chromosome duplication and cohesion centrosome duplication |
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Prophase |
breakdown of interphase MT mitotic aster separation chromosome condensation |
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Prometaphase |
nuclear envelope breakdown chromosomes brought to spindle equator |
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Metaphase |
chromosomes align |
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Anaphase |
APC/C activated: cohesins degrade chromosomes move toward poles spindle poles separate |
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Telophase |
nuclear envelope reassembly assembly of contractile ring |
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Cytokinesis |
reformation of interphase microtubules contractile ring forms cleavage furrow |
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3 classes of microtubules in the mitotic spindle |
polar astral kinetochore |
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Polar MTs |
from one spindle pole to another |
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Astral MTs |
from spindle pole to cell cortex |
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Kinetochore MTs |
from spindle poles to kinetochore |
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Kinesin-13 |
depolymerizes MTs at the minus end pulls microtubules to the poles |
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Kinesin-5 |
walks toward plus ends pushes microtubules toward the poles |
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What does XMAP-215 do to kinesin-13? |
cancels it out! XMAP215 stabilizes microtubules |
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How do Kinesin-13 levels change during mitosis? |
Kinesin-13 activity stays the same throughout mitosis and interphase |
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How do XMAP-215 levels change during mitosis? |
XMAP-215 activity is high during interphase and low during mitosis inhibited by phosphorylation during mitosis |
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Aremicrotubules more or less dynamic during mitosis? |
More! Microtubules become more dynamicbecause XMAP215 is inhibited. |
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centromere |
region of DNA typically found near themiddle of a chromosome where two identical sister chromatidscome closest in contact. involved in cell division as thepoint of mitotic spindle attachment |
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kinetochore |
proteinstructure on chromosomes CAPTURES and transports chromosomes where the spindle fibers attachduring cell division to pull the chromosomes apart. |
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cohesins |
protein complex that regulates the separation ofsister chromatids during cell division |
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Microtubules connect to inner or outer kinetochore? |
Outer |
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What does Ran GTPase do? |
regulates chromosomal attachment to the microtubules |
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Which end of the microtubule attaches to the kinetochore? |
plus end |
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Kinesin-13 activity involving chromosomes |
depolymerizes MT plus end, too! MT depolymerization causes force directed at spindle pole |
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Dynein activity involving chromosomes |
dynein walks the chromosomes toward the minus ends (spindle poles) |
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Where isdynein enriched during prometaphase and metaphase? |
at the spindle equator |
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Kinesin-4 activity involving chromosomes |
walks along MTs OPPOSITE the spindle poles and toward the polar plus ends |
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What is chromosome congression? |
Chromosomes move to central point between spindle poles |
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Kinesin-7 activity during chromosome congression |
walks chromosome toward plus end, away from spindle pole, as MT grows |
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What are the microtubules doing duringmetaphase? |
treadmilling Microtubule polymerization isoccurring at the kinetochore Microtubule depolymerization isoccurring at the spindle pole |
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What moves the chromatids to their spindle poles during Anaphase? |
Kinesin-13 activity depolymerizing the MTs at both ends |
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What is Kinesin-5 doing during Anaphase? |
pushing spindle poles further apart |
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What is dynein doing during Anaphase? |
Pulling on spindle poles via the astral microtubules |
