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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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___
Horizontal head Angle head Ultra-centrifuge |
Centrifuges
___ ___ ___ |
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Centrifugal force is the ___ when a sample is spun at a high rate of speed.
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___ is the outward force when a sample is spun at a high rate of speed.
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A ___ is used to separate substances of different mass or density.
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A centrifuge is used to separate substances of different ___ or ___.
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An ultra-centrifuge must be refrigerated due to the ___ it generates. It is used to separate lipoproteins and for ___.
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An ___ must be ___ due to the heat it generates. It is used to separate ___ and for drug-binding assays.
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Principles of ___:
substances absorb light at unique wavelengths the amount of light absorbed is proportional to the amount of substance that is present |
Principles of spectrophotometry:
___ ___ |
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___ formula given %T:
A = 2 - log %T |
Absorbance formula given %T:
___ |
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A = ___
a: absorbance b: length of the light path c: concentration of substance |
A = abc
a: ___ b: ___ c: ___ |
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Components of the ___:
lamp colimating system entrance slit monochromater exit slit cuvette photo detector meter |
Components of the spectrophotometer:
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ |
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___ versus concentration is a linear function.
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Absorbance versus concentration is a ___ function.
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___ versus concentration is a nonlinear function.
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Percent transmittance versus concentration is a ___ function.
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Nephelometry and turbidimetry measure ___.
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___ and ___ measure light scatter.
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Turbidimetry measures ___ from small particles while nephelometry measures ___ from larger particles.
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___ measures light scatter from ___ particles while ___ measures light scatter from ___ particles.
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Spectrofluorometry is used to measure ___, ____, and other unqiue ___ analytes.
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___ is used to measure drugs, hormones, and other unique chemical analytes.
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Chemiluminescence measures light produced due to a ___.
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___ measures light produced due to a chemical reaction.
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Electrochemistry measures ___ in a solution by their electrical properties.
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___ measures ions in a solution by their electrical properties.
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Potentiometry measures changes in ___.
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___ measures changes in electrical potential.
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Chromatography is a technique for ___ molecules based on their ___ between two phases.
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___ is a technique for separating molecules based on their distribution between two ___.
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Types of ___:
volumetric Erlenmeyer beaker graduated cylinder |
Types of flasks:
___ ___ ___ ___ |
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Types of ___:
measuring transfer |
Types of pipettes:
___ ___ |
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Accuracy is the comparison of a result with the ___.
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___ is the comparison of a result with the true value.
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Precision is the comparison of results with ___.
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___ is the comparison of results with each other.
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Proficiency testing is when results are submitted to an ___.
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___ is when results are submitted to an outside lab.
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Mean is the ___ of all results.
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___ is the average of all results.
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Standard deviation measures the ___ of a group of values around the mean.
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___ measures the dispersion of a group of values around the mean.
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Coefficient of variation is the ___ divided by the ___ expressed as a percent.
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___ is the standard deviation divided by the mean expressed as a percent.
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Mean and standard deviation are calculations that assess the ___ and ___ of the analysis statistically.
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___ and ___ are calculations that assess the accuracy and precision of the analysis statistically.
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The deterioration of ___ of the analytical system over time can be assessed by shifts.
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The deterioration of the accuracy of the analytical system over time can be assessed by ___.
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___ or ___ can be monitored used standard deviation.
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Precision or imprecision can be monitored by using the ___.
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Imprecision is demonstrated by an increase in ___.
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___ is demonstrated by an increase in standard deviation.
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___ errors may be due to:
aging reagents aging calibrators instrument components optical changes fluctuations in line voltage wear and tear of instrument reagent lot variability calibration differences technologists interactions |
Systematic errors may be due to:
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ |
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___ errors may be due to:
reagent dispensing sample evaporation temperature of analyzer electro-optical mechanism calibrator reconstitution environmental conditions instability of instrument variation in handling techniques: pipetting, mixing, timing variation in operators |
Random errors may be due to:
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ |
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Systematic errors shift the ___ of distribution.
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___ errors shift the mean of distribution.
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Random errors widen the ___.
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___ errors widen the distribution.
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Shift change QC results ___ and continue at the same level.
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___ change QC results abruptly and continue at the same level.
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Trend is a ___ change in QC results in one direction.
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___ is a gradual change in QC results in one direction.
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Delta check compares an ___ patient's results throughout the day.
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___ compares an individual patient's results throughout the day.
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Study Westgard Rules
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Study Westgard Rules
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Trinder method is subject to less interference by high concentrations of ___, ___, or ___ than the glucose oxidase method.
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___ method is subject to less interference by high concentrations of creatinine, uric acid, or hemoglobin than the ___ method.
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Glucose in whole blood is 10-15% less than plasma.
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Glucose in whole blood is ___ less than plasma.
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(Wash / Wash + 5(Elution)) * 100
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HbA1 (%) formula
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450s - (410s/20) - 450B
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Multiwavelength spectrophotometer
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___ normal value:
12:0 - 20:1 |
BUN (urea):creatinine normal value:
___ |
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Prerenal azotemia is usually because of decreased renal ___ including congestive heart failure, shock, advanced cirrhosis, and mild dehydration.
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___ azotemia is usually because of decreased renal blood flow including congestive heart failure, shock, advanced cirrhosis, and mild dehydration.
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___ azotemia ratio:
>20:1 to 30:1 |
Prerenal azotemia ratio:
___ |
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___ azotemia ratio:
>30 |
Postrenal azotemia ratio:
___ |
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Postrenal azotemia is usually due to an ___ of urine flow or prerenal azotemia and ___ disease. A ratio ___ is suggestive of gastrointestinal bleeding.
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___ azotemia is usually due to an obstruction of urine flow or ___ and renal disease. A ratio >36 is suggestive of ___.
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Renal azotemia have both ___ and ___ elevated proportionally therefore result in a normal ratio.
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___ azotemia have both BUN and creatinine elvated proportionally therefore result in a ___ ratio.
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Decreased BUN:Creatinine ration can result from: dialysis
acute tubular necrosis low-protein diets starvation diarrhea vomiting SIADH liver disease |
___ BUN:Creatinine ratios can result from:
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ |
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___ methodologies are categorized as:
enzymatic urease reactions diacetyl or Fearon method |
BUN methodologies are categorized as:
___ ___ |
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___ results suggests:
<8-10 mg/dL - overdehydration 50-150 mg/dL - impairment of glomerular filtration rate 150-250 mg/dL - severe renal impairment |
BUN results suggests:
___ - overdehydration ___ - impairment of glomerular filtration rate ___ - severe renal impairment |
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Molecular weight of urea is ___ and the molecular weight of ___ is 28.
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Molecular weight of ___ is 60 and the molecular weight of nitrogen is ___.
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The Jaffee reaction is a reaction between ___ and ___ in an alkaline medium yielding a red-orange compound.
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The ___ is a reaction between creatinine and picric acid in an alkaline medium yielding a red-orange compound.
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Creatinine is a ___ product derived from creatine and creatine phosphate.
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___ is a west product derived from creatine and creatine phosphate.
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___ is an anhydride formed when creatine loses a water molecule.
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Creatinine is an ___ formed when creatine loses a water molecule.
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___ causes:
increased dietary intake overproduction of uric acid underexcretion of uric acid specific enzyme defects |
Uric acid causes:
___ ___ ___ ___ |
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___ methodologies:
phosphotungstic acid (Carraway) uricase |
Uric acid methodologies:
___ ___ |
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Uric acid is susceptible to ___ action and should be refrigerated immediately.
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___ is susceptible to bacterial action and should be refrigerated immediately.
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___ is a good indicator of glomerular filtration rate because:
its freely filtered by the glomeruli it is not reabsorbed by the tubules to any significant extent it is released in plasma at a constant rate |
Creatinine is a good indicator of glomerular filtration rate because:
___ ___ ___ |
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U/P * V * (1.73/BSA)
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Clearance formula
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The higher plasma value the lower the ___.
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The higher ___ value the lower the clearance.
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Decreased creatinine clearance indicates decreased ___ as a result of acute or chronic damage to the glomeruli.
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Decreased ___ indicates decreased glomerular filtration rate as a result of acute or chronic damage to the glomeruli.
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Inulin, found in artichokes, is the gold standard for measuring ___, but is not easily performed.
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___, found in artichokes, is the gold standard for measuring glomerular filtration rate, but is not easily performed.
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A ___ that has the ability to be either negatively or positively charged depending on the buffer used are called anapholyte or the old term used is ___.
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A molecule that has the ability to be either negatively or positively charged depending on the ___ used are called ___ or the old term used is zwitterion.
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Electrophoresis is the migration or separation of charged ___ or solutes of a liquid solution in an electrical field.
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___ is the migration or separation of charged particles or solutes of a liquid solution in an electrical field.
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___ ions (cations) will migrate to the cathode, the negative electrode. Negative ions (anions) will migrate to the ___, the positive electrode.
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Positive ions (cations) will migrate to the ___, the negative electrode. ___ ions (anions) will migrate to the anode, the positive electrode.
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Isoelectric point is the ___ where the net charge of a molecule is zero. At this point, a molecule will not move in an ___ because it does not have a charge.
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___ is the pH where the net charge of a molecule is zero. At this point, a molecule will not move in an electric field because it does not have a ___.
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An ___ molecule such as a protein in a pH below its isoelectric point (pI) will have a net ___ charge. Conversely, if the pH is above the pI, a protein will have a net negative charge.
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An amphoteric molecule such as a protein in a pH below its ___ will have a net positive charge. Conversely, if the pH is above the pI, a protein will have a net ___ charge.
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___ of ions in electrophoresis is dependent on:
net charge of molecule size and shape of the molecule support medium properties ionic strength of the buffer temperature |
Mobility of ions in electrophoresis is dependent on:
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ |
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Specimens for electrophoresis include commonly used serum and plasma. If CSF or urine are used, ___ using ultra-centrifuge because of low ___ content may be required.
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Specimens for ___ include commonly used serum and plasma. If CSF or urine are used, concentrating using ___ because of low protein content may be required.
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___ used for electrophoresis:
agarose polyacrylamide cellulose acetate |
Gels used for electrophoresis:
___ ___ ___ |
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___ gels are purified forms of agar from seaweed and will naturally ___ after dying.
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Agarose gels are purified forms of ___ from ___ and will naturally clear after dying.
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Polyacrylamide gel is stronger than ___ and also ___ and transparent.
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___ gel is stronger than agarose and also thermostable and ___.
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___ of electrophoresis:
Zone electrophoresis High Resolution Electrophoresis Isoelectric Focusing Capillary Electrophoresis |
Types of electrophoresis:
___ ___ ___ ___ |
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Zone electrophoresis is where several samples are placed on a ___ piece of gel.
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___ is where several samples are place on a rectangle shaped piece of gel.
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High resolution electrophoresis uses ___ and produces ___ distinct protein bands but requires a cooling step due to the heat generated by the ___.
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___ uses high voltage and produces 15 distinct protein bands but requires a ___ step due to the heat generated by the high voltage.
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Isoelectric focusing uses pH gradient to separate based on ___.
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___ uses pH gradient to separate based on charge.
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Capillary Electrophoresis combines electrophoresis and high performance ___.
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___ combines electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography.
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