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31 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Interphase
Nuclear envelope intact
Nuclear envelope intact
Prophase
- Chromosomes condense and become visible
-Bipolar spindle develops
- Chromosomes condense and become visible
-Bipolar spindle develops
Prometaphase
-Nuclear envelope dissolves
-Chromosomes BEGIN to migrate to equatorial plane (metaphase plate)
-Have two sister Chromatids!
-Nuclear envelope dissolves
-Chromosomes BEGIN to migrate to equatorial plane (metaphase plate)
-Have two sister Chromatids!
Metaphase
Chromosomes fully condense and located at metaphase plate
Chromosomes fully condense and located at metaphase plate
Anaphase
-Each centromere splits
- Two chromatids are pulled to opposite polls
-Each centromere splits
- Two chromatids are pulled to opposite polls
Teleophase
-Chromosomes reach poles and start toe decondense
-Nuclear membrane reforms
-Cytoplasm starts to divide
-Chromosomes reach poles and start toe decondense
-Nuclear membrane reforms
-Cytoplasm starts to divide
Mitotic Non disjunction
Abnormal chromosome segregation in rapidly dividing tissues
Seen in Leukemia
Meosis 1 (general)
-Reduction Division
-Chromosome number halved via pairing of homologous chromosomes- (segregated at Anaphase 1)
-Cross over here (Pachytene)
- Meiotic non disjunction can happen here leading to meiotic non-disjunction
-Reduction Division
-Chromosome number halved via pairing of homologous chromosomes- (segregated at Anaphase 1)
-Cross over here (Pachytene)
- Meiotic non disjunction can happen here leading to meiotic non-disjunction
-Start: 2n4c
-End: 1n2c
Meiosis 2 (General)
-No additional DNA replication
-CHROMATIDS seperate
-One chromatids remain in each gamete
-No additional DNA replication
-CHROMATIDS seperate
-One chromatids remain in each gamete
-Start-1n2c
-End 1n1c
-Haploid
-4 games result
-23 nonidentical chromosomes in each gamete
Meiosis Prophase 1

Leptotene
Sister Chromatids hanging out- not paired with there homologous analogs yet
Sister Chromatids hanging out- not paired with there homologous analogs yet
Meiosis Prophase 1

Zygotene
-Sister Chromatids find there homologous analog
-These pair together and form BIVALENTS
-Sister Chromatids find there homologous analog
-These pair together and form BIVALENTS
Meiosis Prophase 1

Pachytene
-Crossing over happens here
-Chromosomes Thicken
-Crossing over happens here
-Chromosomes Thicken
Dipotene
-Homologous pairs start to pull apart but are held together by chiasmata
-Easy to view and count cross pairing here
-Homologous pairs start to pull apart but are held together by chiasmata
-Easy to view and count cross pairing here
Meiosis Prophase 1

Diakinesis
Bivalents are more contracted
Bivalents are more contracted
Metaphase 1
-Nuclear membrane disappears
-Spindle forms
-Paired chromosomes align at equatorial plane with centromeres oriented toward different poles
Anaphase 1
Bivalents seperate
Disjunction (sister chromatids are drawn to opposite poles)
Cell becomes haploid
Telophase 1
Haploid chromosomes cluster at opposite pols
Cytokinesis
2 haploid cells form then enters meiotic interphase
Primordial oocyte
Original cell for germline
Makes 22 mitotic divisions
Primary oocyte enters meiosis 1
Primary oocyte
2^22 of these
Enters Meiosis 1 at prophase
Suspended until ovulation
Polar Body
After Meiosis 1- one of the gametes sequesters most of the cellular contents. As a result you have one cell that is a regular gamete and one that is a polar body. The polar body makes two more polar bodies in Meiosis 2. The regular gamete makes a regular cell and another polar body.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqHRDAnUrGY
Mature oocyte
Ready to go
Male Gametogenesis
Continuous throughout life
Spermatogonia
- an undifferentiated male germ cell, originating in a seminiferous tubule and dividing into two primary spermatocytes
- 30 division in fetal growth and childhood until puterty
- 20-25 replications per year after
- an undifferentiated male germ cell, originating in a seminiferous tubule and dividing into two primary spermatocytes
- 30 division in fetal growth and childhood until puterty
- 20-25 replications per year after
Primary Spermatocyte
-a diploid cell that has derived from a spermatogonium and can subsequently begin meiosis and divide into two haploid secondary spermatocytes.
-Start meiosis 1 with this
-a diploid cell that has derived from a spermatogonium and can subsequently begin meiosis and divide into two haploid secondary spermatocytes.
-Start meiosis 1 with this
Secondary Spermocyte
-one of the two haploid cells into which a primary spermatocyte divides, and which in turn gives origin to spermatids.
-Start Meiosis 2 with this
-one of the two haploid cells into which a primary spermatocyte divides, and which in turn gives origin to spermatids.
-Start Meiosis 2 with this
Spermatid
Final Gametes of spermatogensis
Final Gametes of spermatogensis
Meiotic Nondisjunction
-Theory: The longer oocytes have to stay in Meiosis, the more stress it endures and the more likely it will cause a disjunction error
-13,18,21, and 47XX autosomal trisomies are maternal germline errors 80-100% of the time
Nondisjunction at Meiosis 1
Results
n+1
n+1
n-1
n-1
n+1
n+1
n-1
n-1
Nondisjunction at Meiosis 2
n
n
n-1
n+1
n
n
n-1
n+1
Down syndrome (number)
Trisomy 21
92% materrnal (75% at meiosis 1--25% at meiosis 2)
8% paternal