Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
how many chromosomes are in each somatic cell?
|
46
|
|
|
how many choromosomes are in each sex cell?
|
23
|
|
|
if there are extra #21 chromosomes what disorder forms?
|
downsyndrome
|
|
|
how long do chromosomes measure if they are all layed out?
|
2 meters
|
|
|
what proteins does DNA wind around?
|
histone spools
|
|
|
what are chromosomes made of?
|
DNA and proteins
|
|
|
why do cells do mitosis? (2 reasons)
|
grow, repair damage
|
|
|
what is it called when bacteria do mitosis?
|
binary fission
|
|
|
what is it called when the cell actually splits into two pieces?
|
cytokinesis
|
|
|
how long does the enitre replication process take?
|
20 minutes
|
|
|
why do bacteria not do mitosis? (lacking what?)
|
no nucleus
|
|
|
mitosis means:
|
nuclear fission
|
|
|
how many genes in a human?
|
30,000
|
|
|
mitos means:
|
thread
|
|
|
what is/isn't related to the complexity of a species?
|
quantity of DNA is
quantity of chromosomes is not |
|
|
what STATE are chromosomes most photographed in?
|
duplicated
|
|
|
two definitions of gene:
who said them? |
"One gene codes for one polypeptide chain"- Beadle and Tatum
"A unit of heritable information"- Mendel |
|
|
what is each side of a duplicated chromosome called?
|
sister chromatid
|
|
|
what is the protein belt that holds the duplicated chromosome together?
|
kinetochore
|
|
|
what is the 'waist line' of a chromosome called?
|
centromere
|
|
|
what are the exceptions of having 46 chromosomes in each cell?
|
red blood cells, liver cells
|
|
|
what is it called when an organism has two sets of instructions?
|
diploid
|
|
|
what is an exception of a eukaryote that is a haploid?
|
male bee
|
|
|
what are a pair of chormosomes called?
|
homologous pairs (homologs)
|
|
|
which pair of chromosomes determines your sex?
|
23
|
|
|
what are the 23rd chromosome of a female? male?
|
f- XX
m- XY |
|
|
of the X/Y chromosomes which is longer? shorter?
|
X- longer
Y- shorter |
|
|
what is the location of the gene on the chromosome calles?
|
locus (loci)
|
|
|
what is the different 'flavors' of a gene?
|
allele
|
|
|
what 3 things must match in homologs? (in a karyotype)
|
length, band patterns, centromere locus
|
|
|
what are cells with one set of 'instructions' called?
|
haploids
|
|
|
what are sperm and egg cells called?
|
gametes
|
|
|
what are the first 22 pairs of chromosomes called?
|
autosomals
|
|
|
what is it called when being a diploid and haploid alternate?
|
alternation of generation
|
|
|
what are the brown spots under the boston fern called?
|
spores- sporophytes
|
|
|
what are the 4 parts of mitosis?
|
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophases
|
|
|
how long is a cell in interface for? (%)
|
95%
|
|
|
what is the DNA and protein called when it's not wrapped around the histone spools?
|
chromatin
|
|
|
the dark circle in the nucleus
|
nucleolus
|
|
|
what are the 3 parts of interphase?
|
G1, g2, synthesis
|
|
|
cells double in size
|
G1
|
|
|
most parts duplicate
|
G1
|
|
|
first check point
|
G1
|
|
|
what drives cells out of G0?
|
injury
|
|
|
where do cells go if they don't pass the first check point?
|
G0
|
|
|
each chromosome replicates it's DNA
|
S
|
|
|
copy and original hooked together by centromere
|
S
|
|
|
each copy is a sister chromatid
|
S
|
|
|
protein kinetochore belt wrapped around their centomeres
|
S
|
|
|
what is the nucleolus?
|
in nucleus where similar genes intersect
|
|
|
centriole pair replicataes
|
G2
|
|
|
tubulin protein made
|
G2
|
|
|
what are microtubules made of?
|
tubulin protein
|
|
|
enzymes need for mitosis produced
|
G2
|
|
|
second check point
|
G2
|
|
|
what types of cells are centrioles found in?
|
animal
|
|
|
centrosome
|
centriole pair
|
|
|
what are the little spikes coming out of centrosomes?
|
aster fibers
|
|
|
what forms as the centrosomes spread apart from eachother?
|
mitotic spindle fibers
|
|
|
what directs the making of ribosomes?
|
nucleolus
|
|
|
name when DNA wraps around histone spools
|
condensing
|
|
|
longest of 4 mitotic phases
|
P
|
|
|
duplicated chromosomes condense
|
P
|
|
|
nucleoulus disappears
|
P
|
|
|
centriole pairs are in the middle of centrosome
|
P
|
|
|
centrosomes move apart from eachother forming spindle fibers between them
|
P
|
|
|
aster fibers sprout around the centrosomes
|
P
|
|
|
karyotypes made
|
M
|
|
|
nuclear membrane breaks down
|
M
|
|
|
kinetochore attaches to short fibers coming out from centrosomes
|
M
|
|
|
duplicated chromosomes move to the spindle equator
|
M
|
|
|
another name for the spindle equator
|
metaphase plate
|
|
|
shortest of the 4 mitotic phases
|
P
|
|
|
duplicated chromosomes split at centromere
|
P
|
|
|
each chromatid is now its own chromosome
|
P
|
|
|
non kinetochore microtubules strech the cell into egg shape
|
P
|
|
|
kinetochore microubules pull the chromosomes to the poles of the cell
|
P
|
|
|
spindle fibers break apart
|
T
|
|
|
chromosomes uncondense (relax)
|
T
|
|
|
nucleoli reappear
|
T
|
|
|
nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes
|
T
|
|
|
what are the spindle fibers called that connect to the kinetochore?
|
kinetochiore fibers
|
|
|
ER stands for
|
endoplasmic reticulum
|
|
|
what is the point of cleavage called in animal cells?
|
cleavage furrow
|
|
|
what is it called when the cell splits in two?
|
cytokenesis
|
|
|
what is plant 'cytokenisis'?
|
cell plate formation
|
|
|
how do plant cells perform cell plate formation?
|
phosphplipids start a wall between new cells, cellulose becomes deposited in phospholipid and become new cell wall
|
|
|
what are the only animal cells that don't do cytokenesis?
|
skeletal muscle cells
|
|
|
is cytokenisis part of mitosis?
|
no
|
|
|
with which phase does cytokenesis sometimes overlap?
|
telophase
|
|
|
what are the two main mitosis regulating proteins?
|
CDK and cyclin
|
|
|
what are the enzymes that transfer phosphataes?
|
kinases
|
|
|
which enzyme levels stay constant throughout mitosis?
|
CDKs
|
|
|
cyclin+CDK=?
|
MPF
|
|
|
what does MPF stand for?
|
m-phase promoting factor
|
|
|
what are the two functions of MPFs?
|
cyclin production to cut down, increase proteases
|
|
|
what do proteases do?
|
'eat' cyclin
|
|
|
what is it called when mitosis must stop filling an injury site?
|
density-dependent inhibition
|
|
|
what is it called when cells must be on something to grow?
|
anchorage dependence
|
|
|
what do platelets release when injured?
|
PDGF
|
|
|
what is PDGF?
what does it do? |
a growth factor, stimulates mitosis
|
|
|
EGF-
PDGF- IGF- NGF- |
epidermal groeth factor
platelet derived " " insulin-like " " nerve " " |
|
|
what are genes that are activated by growth factors called?
|
protooncogenes
|
|
|
onco means
|
cancer
|
|
|
what do mutations in protooncogenes cause?
|
oncogenes (cancer cells)
|
|
|
how many protooncogenes are known? what are the most well know ones?
|
30+
ras, mol, myc, fos, jun |
|
|
which are genes called that stop mitosis?
|
tumor suppressor genes
|
|
|
what are the most common tumor suppressor genes?
|
TNF, NF, Rb, P53, BRCA1, BRCA2
|
|
|
what does Rb stand for?
|
retinoblastoma
|
|
|
what happens if a tumor suppressor gene is mutated?
|
cyclins and CDKs get together and mitosis goes unchecked
|
|
|
what is the most important tumor suppressor gene?
|
P53
|
|
|
if a cell isn't healthy what does P53 call for?
|
apoptosis
|
|
|
how many codons is P53?
|
393
|
|
|
why are high levels of P53 found in cancer areas?
|
because it is the number 1 tumor suppressor gene
|
|
|
how mnay 'hot spots' are there for mutations in P53?
|
4
|
