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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Calcium sources |
- alfalfa (1.2-1.7%) - green fodder, seeds, grains (0.3-0.4%) - cereals (0.01-0.2%) - ground limestone - carbonic chalk |
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Ca biological function |
- blood clotting - increase decreases neuromuscular irritability - enzyme cofactor (calmodulin) |
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Ca deficiency symptoms |
- ricketts (osteomalatia, osteoporosis) - secondary alimentary hyperparathyroidism --- carnivores --- all meat syndrome --- broken mandible --- hawk: meat leg and beak deformity - broken tarsus calcaneae in beef bulls (osteochondrosis) - milk fever (cow) - puerperal eclampsia/paresis (bitch) |
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Ca supply control |
- feed analysis - calculations - bone biopsy |
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Phosphorus sources |
- cereals: high - extracted solvent (oil) meals: high - green forages: medium - mineral supplements |
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P biological function |
- bone formation - energy storage and transfer (ATP) - body fluid buffer - helps convert carotene to vitamin A |
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P deficiency symptoms |
- cow alimentary infertility - post partum haemoglobinuria |
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P supply control |
- feed analysis - calculation - cattle: urine output relative to supply |
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Magnesium sources |
- leafy greens - nuts - seeds - fish - beans |
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Mg biological function |
- bone formation - increase decreases neuromuscular irritability - part of a leaf green: chlorophyll II |
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Mg deficiency symptoms |
- grass tetany of Ru --- N fertilisers of grass: increase NH3 in young rapidly growing grass which decreases the Na:K ratio --- causes decreased Mg absorption (malabsorption) - Coma of calves: due to decreased Mg due to soybean milk replacer |
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Mg supply control |
- supplements - salt supplements |
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Sulphur sources |
- Methionine and cystine - biotin - vitamin U (raw cabbage) - wool (2.7-3.3%) - cruciferous plants: high (rape, cabbage) - feather and horn meals - green forages - corn silage: very little |
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S biological function |
- constituent of Met and Cys - synthesis of ucopolysaccharides - constituent of methallothionine and glutathionine |
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S deficiency symptoms |
- decreased ruminal protein synthesis - decreased feather and wool growth |
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S supply control |
- feed analysis |
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Sodium sources |
- alkaline soil - sea-grass - feed of animal origin - rock salt (licking salt) |
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Na biological function |
- osmotic pressure of body fluids - conduction of stimuli for action potentials |
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Na deficiency symptoms |
- decreased taste sensation in sheep - cannibalism in broilers - decreased milk production - may be caused by excess sweating in eq |
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Na supply control |
- check saliva, urine and faeces level - requires strong intake control - not in milk |
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Na requirements |
- 0.5% NaCl - Rabbit 0.7% due to caecotrophy |
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Potassium sources |
- sugar beet pulp - molasses - tubers |
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K biological function |
- osmotic pressure maintenance - stimuli conduction for action potentials |
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K deficiency symptoms |
- secondary diarrhoea (common) - rabbit muscular dystrophy (rare) |
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K supply control |
- feed analysis |
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Chlorine sources |
- fish meal - meat meal - grass |
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Cl biological function |
- Gastric acid (HCl) production - isoionia - osmotic pressure |
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Cl deficiency symptoms |
- abomasal displacement/ gut torsion (causative) - Eq sweating (causative, NaCl salts must be supplied) |
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Cl supply control |
- salt licks - feed analysis |
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Cl requirements |
- 0.3% DM |
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Iron sources |
- meat meal - whole grains - sunflower seeds - nuts - leafy greens |
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Fe biological function |
- constituent of haemoglobin and myoglobin - active parts of catalase, peroxidase and cytochrome 450 (resp. chain) |
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Fe deficiency symptoms |
- baby pig anaemia - human baby iron deficiency anaemia |
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Fe supply control |
- transporter protein levels - haematological analysis - can give Fe-II-oxalate and Fe-II-fumarate by mouth |
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Fe requirements |
- Piglet: 125-150 mg/kg DM - calf: 40 mg/kg DM |
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Zinc sources |
- feed of animal origin - beans - nuts |
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Zn biological function |
- part of enzymes ( carboxy anhydrase, SOD) - parts of hormones (insulin) - taste (gustin) - vitamin A storage in the liver - retinal integrity - wound healing - in sperm of breeding males - gene expression |
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Zn deficiency symptoms |
- alopecia - hock joint deformity - palmer ulcer (chicken) - lacrimation - parakeratosis (calf: local, Swine: general) - Zn responsive dermatitis ---acrodermatitis in bull terrier, lethal within 7 months --- partial in husky, malamute and german shephard --- inherited failure in absorption - night blindness - decreased sperm quality |
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Zn supply control |
- measure level in hair - minimum 100 mg/kg DM |
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Zn requirements |
40-80 mg/kg DM |
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Copper sources |
- green forages - high level in dicotyledons (sunflower) |
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Cu biological function |
- increased oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric form needed for haem binding - development of nerve tissue - part of enzymes (SOD) - synthesis of polyphenyl oxidase pigment - CuSO4 = growth promoter in pigs |
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Cu deficiency smptoms |
- wilson menker disease in bedlington terriers - anaemia - depigmentation of hair, wool, feathers - demyelinisation of nerve fibres --- congenital ataxia in calves, lambs, kids |
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Cu supply control |
- measure blood and hair levels - hair: min 6mg/kg - ceruloplasmin levels in blood |
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Manganese sources |
- monocotyledons (sour grass): high - dicotyledons (alfalfa): low |
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Mn biological function |
- mucopolysaccharide synthesis - cartilage synthesis - denovo cholesterol synthesis in ovaries |
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Mn deficiency symptoms |
- enlarged hocks and leg deformities in newborns (calves and pigs) - chicken perosis at tibio-metatarsal joint - alimentary infertility (cat and cow) - shift in sex ratio of newborn calves (more male) |
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Mn supply control |
- check hair levels - min 7 mg/kg |
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Fluorine sources |
- P supplements contain 1-4% F |
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F biological function |
- constituent of bones and teeth |
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F deficiency |
- human caries |
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F supply control |
- feed analysis - calculation - level in urine |
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Iodine sources |
- drinking H2O - 3-10 micrograms/l |
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I biological function |
- thyroid hormones |
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I deficiency symptoms |
- abortion - newborns with goiter - wooless newborn of goiter mother - female sterility - dermatitis - Su myxedema - Ho cretinism - disturbed moulting in poultry |
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I supply control |
- urine I:creatine ratio - milk levels |
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Cobalt sources |
- plants - yeasts - molasses - coprophagy |
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Co biological functions |
- part of vitamin B12 --- bacterial synthesis in rumen - activates enzymes --- methyl-malonyl-CoA in cholesterol synthesis |
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Co deficiency symptoms |
- decreased growth in Ru - anaemia - white liver disease in sheep |
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Co supply control |
- level in ruminal fluid - B12 level in blood - level in liver |
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Co requirements |
- 1% supply |
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Nickle sources |
- plants - peas, beans, soya beans, - oats and barley |
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Ni biological function |
- increased iron absorption - enzyme activator (urease, amylase) |
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Ni deficiency symptoms |
- secondary anaemia - impaired rumen function |
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Ni supply control |
? |
|
Chromium sources |
- mothers milk --- Cr-pirocolate, yeasts, nicotinate |
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Cr biological function |
- active part of glucose tolerance factor (regulates insulin) - organic trivalent Cr: fat burner - crom oxide: indicator of digestibility studies |
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Cr deficiency symptoms |
Cannot be deficient |
|
Cr supply control |
- feed analysis? - calculations? |
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Molybdenum sources |
- cereals (wheat) - sunflower seeds |
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Mo biological function |
- parts of enzymes in N metabolism - xanthine oxidase (uric acid formation) - cellulase (in rumen bacteria) |
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Mo deficiency symptoms |
- decreased fibre digestion |
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Mo supply control |
? |
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Mo requirements |
- 2-10 mg/kg DM |
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Silicon sources |
- sour grasses: (high amount) - reed - sedge - bulrush - rice bran |
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Si biological function |
- part of mucopolysaccharides |
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Si deficiency symptoms |
N/A |
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Si supply contol |
? |
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control of mineral status |
- HACCP: hazard analysis critical control points - feedstuffs: Ca, P - Faeces: Na, Zn, Mn - Urine: P - Saliva: Na - milk: I - Hair: Zn, Cu, Mn, Se - enzyme activity: Se |
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DCAB |
dietary cation anion balance - used to reduce risk of milk fever - (Na + K + Ca + Mg) - (Cl + SO4 + H2PO4) - simplifies to (Na + K) - (Cl + S) - units: mEq/kg DM - if +ve (Na + K) > (Cl + S): increased risk - if 0 (Na + K) = (Cl + S) - if -ve (Na + K) < (Cl + S): decreased risk - reduce with NH4Cl - acidifying diet should be fed until pH reaches 6.2 - 6.8 |
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FAA |
Earth Alkali Alkalicity - CaO + MgO - P2O5 - should be +ve - restores acid-base balance --- adds cations: Ca, Mg (alkaline character) --- P helps keep balance - FAA of weaned animal: +25 - FAA of growing animal: +15 - FAA of adult animal: +5 |
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dUA |
Dietary undetermined anions - how much acid is removed when fed (due to acid consuming metabolisable anions in diet) - (Na + K + Ca + Mg) - (Cl + H2PO4 + HPO4 + SO4) - mostly in growing/finishing pigs - more acidic feed decreases ADG - increased dUA increases ADG (average daily gain) |
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dEB |
Dietary electrolyte balance - Na + K - Cl - importance --- feed intake --- feed conversion --- weight gain --- egg shell thickness - growing pig: 155 mEq/kg - growing chick: 250 mEq/kg |
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CAB |
cation anion balance (DCAB) - (44Na + 28K) - (28Cl + 62S) - should be -ve - used to prevent milk fever - grass silage 21% CP - corn silage 8.9% CP - alfalfa hay 625 |
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CAR |
cation anion ratio - to prevent urolithiasis - (50Ca + 82Mg + 43Na + 26K) - (65P + 28Cl) - (average met intake) - normal pH or dogs urine: 6.5 + (0.019 x CAR) - struvite stones (2/3 cases): give met or NH4Cl, dissolves at 6.5 - oxalate stones (1/3): give NaHCO3, dissolves in alkaline pH |
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total mineral content of the body |
- 2.75% of this: - 50% Ca - 27% P - 24% other |
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mineral percentages |
- Ca 1.33% - K 0.19% - S 0.15% - Mg 0.04% - P 0.74% - Na 0.16% - Cl 0.11% |