Mind And Brain: Introduction To Cognitive Neuroscience Clps 0040

Front 1

Where would one expect to find synaptic vesicles?

Back 1

The axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron

Front 2

What is the main difference between electrical and chemical synaptic transmission?

Back 2

Electrical synapses involve gap junctions

Hint 2

An electrical synapse is a mechanical and electrically conductive link between two neurons that is formed at a narrow
gap between the pre-- and postsynaptic neurons known as
a gap junction. Gap junctions contain precisely aligned, paired channels that in the membrane of
the pre and post synaptic neuron,
such that each channel pair forms
a pore. They work by allowing impulses to flow passively through
the gap junction pores from one neuron to another.

Front 3

A lesion in the hippocampus is most unlikely to affect

Back 3

Learning to type

Hint 3

Hippocampal lesions can result in loss of memory for events prior to the lesion (retrograde amnesia) and a loss of the ability to form new memories (anterograde amnesia). They can also result in material specific memory loss. They do not, however, tend to impact implicit learning and memory thought to be governed by portions of the basal ganglia (motor learning-like typing), amygdala (fear conditioning) etc.

Front 4

Which of the following neurotransmitters would be the most likely to induce an IPSP or inhibitory postynapyic potential?

Back 4

GABA

Hint 4

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
The major inhibitory transmitter in the brain.

Dopamine
The neurotransmitter that produces feelings of pleasure when released by the brain reward system. Dopamine has multiple functions depending on where in the brain it acts. It is usually inhibitory.

Front 5

All of the following describe glial cells except?

Back 5

Produce action potentials

Front 6

Match each of the above images to one of the following types of brain slices.

Back 6

A. Coronal
B. Sagittal
C. Axial (horizontal)

Front 7

Which of the following cell types envelops axons in the central nervous system?

Back 7

Oligodendrocytes

Hint 7

N.B. Schwann cells envelop axons in the peripheral nervous system.

Front 8

LSD is known to be structurally similar to the neurotransmitter serotonin. Its psychedelic effects are thought to be mediated by its ability to effectively bind to serotonin receptors. Thus, when it comes to these receptors, LSD can be said to be a:

Back 8

Receptor agaonist

Hint 8

A receptor aganist binds to the receptor on a cell and triggers the cell's response. An antagonist does not provoke a response upon binding to the receptor. An antagonist has the opposite effect of blocking the response.

Front 9

White matter refers to:

Back 9

Axons

Front 10

Which of the following is NOT true of a neuron in its resting state?

Back 10

There is more sodium (Na+) inside the neuron than outside the neuron

Hint 10

At rest, there is more K+ in, more Na+ outside the cell.

Front 11

What causes the refractory period in the neuron?

Back 11

Hyperpolarization

Hint 11

Refractory period - Action potentials briefly leaves sodium channels inactivated and potassium channels activated. This refractory period is such that it is hard for a neuron to make subsequent action potentials during this interval.

Front 12

An efferent neuron might be expected to carry information pertaining to which of the following:

Back 12

Outgoing motor commands from the Central Nervous System

Front 13

Neurotransmitter is inactivated through ______ and ______.

Back 13

reuptake and enzymatic degradation

Front 14

The release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft is called _____.

Back 14

exocytosis

Front 15

EEG is not a measure of action potentials but of ______.

Back 15

dendritic field potentials

Front 16

The cerebral hemispheres are linked by the _______.

Back 16

corpus callosum

Front 17

An action potential propogates down the axon from node to node through a process called ______.

Back 17

saltatory conduction

Front 18

PET requires the use of a _____ design.

Back 18

Block

Hint 18

This is because PET requires a radioactive agent that needs to degrade completely between measurement of different conditions.

Front 19

Which of the following is not influenced by context?

Back 19

Luminance

Hint 19

Brightness is a subjective percept. Color constancy and color contrast are color illusions. Luminance is the only objective measure of light intensity made by a photometer (in candelas/meter squared)

Front 20

A patient suffers a traumatic head injury during a car accident. Subsequent brain imaging reveals that the patient has a lesion specific to area V4. Which of the following deficits might one expect to see from this patient?

Back 20

Difficulty completing the Stroop task

Hint 20

V4 is involved in processing color. The Stroop task requires participants to say the color of the ink.

Front 21

Which of the following in NOT true regarding MT?

Back 21

It is part of the ventral stream

Front 22

Which of the following events is the last to occur in the process of auditory transduction?

Back 22

The motion of the basilar membrane causes hair cells to depolarize

Hint 22

Auditory transduction

Sound causes the tympanic membrane to vibrate

Vibrations are transmitted from the ear drum through the ossicles

The stapes pushes the fluid of cochlea through the oval window

The motion of the basilar membrane causes hair cells to depolarize

Front 23

Which of the following structures is NOT involved in the auditory pathway?

Back 23

The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

Front 24

A patient with damage to the Wernicke's area in the right hemisphere might experience:

Back 24

Dysprosody

Hint 24

Damage to the left hemisphere Wernicke's area (superior temporal gyrus) results in problems with language comprehension. Damage to the right side homologue results in dysprosody - the inability to perceive the pitch, rhythm, and emotional tone of speech

Front 25

Which of the following does NOT describe motor programs?

Back 25

They involve specific muscle groups

Hint 25

Motor behaviors are organized at several levels. At the highest lever are motor programs, which are sets of commands to organize a sequence of movements.

Front 26

Which of the following best describes the concept of recapitulation?

Back 26

Sensory areas active during encoding are reactivated during retrieval

Front 27

The hippocampus receives most of its input through which of the following structures:

Back 27

The entorhinal cortex

Front 28

Which of the following neurotransmitters has been most strongly implicated in long-term potential (LTP)?

Back 28

Glutamine

Front 29

Severing all sensory inputs to the thalamus in an experimental animal model would affect which of the following senses the least?

Back 29

Olfaction

Hint 29

All senses, but olfaction, use the thalamus as a sensory relay to cortical areas.

Front 30

Color blindness usually results from:

Back 30

A Missing cone subtype

Front 31

Occlusion is an example of:

Back 31

A monocular depth cue

Front 32

Both the ____ and ____ exhibit tonotopic organization.

Back 32

Cochlea and A1

Front 33

Two qualities unique to the object recognition system

Back 33

Invariance of Recognition and Category Specificty

Front 34

Reaction times for target detection slow down with increasing set size in

Back 34

Conjunction visual search tasks

Front 35

The Basal Ganglia are involved in all EXCEPT the following aspect of motor control

Back 35

Coordination of movements

Front 36

The ____ states that the size and arrangement of objects in the real world cannot be specified on the retina.

Back 36

inverse problem

Front 37

Luminance is to brightness as _____ is to pitch.

Back 37

frequency

Front 38

Two measurable qualities of sound waves are ____ and ____.

Back 38

amplitude and frequency

Front 39

The ____ visual pathway is also referred to as the "where" pathway and ____ is the "what" pathway.

Back 39

dorsal; ventral

Front 40

Neurons in the ____ cortex represent the attentional priority of a location.

Back 40

parietal

Front 41

A motor program arises from sensory signals in the periphery.

Back 41

False

Front 42

The receptive field of a ganglion cell in the retina is made up of input from all of the photoreceptors that synapse with it. In turn, a group of ganglion cells make up the receptive field for a cell in the brain. This process is called ____.

Back 42

convergence

Front 43

In addition to the Medial Temporal Lobe, studies have found involvement of the ____ cortex in subsequent memory tasks.

Back 43

frontal