Mimm 214

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Th1 responses

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lead to cytotoxic lymphacyte and activation of macrophage.

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What happen with macrophage activation

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as soon as they activated

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ACtivated Th1 cells

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this activation of macrophaeg lead to production of very toxic chemical such as

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The formation of granuloma

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when the macrophage can't kill the bacteria. they form a multi nucleatic giant cells and start to surround the area and getting out.

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Th1 and some Th2 that may regulate Th1 ?

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a crowd of sourounding lymphocuyte , Th1 responses against intracellular pathogen. Some of the Th2 lymphocytes present as well.

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AS time goes by,

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the oxygen supply to the center of granuloma and the center of it becomes calcified.

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X-ray in tuberculosis

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look for calcified granaloma. Some of the bug inside there might still be alive.

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An anergic immune system

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always a negative skin test.

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Measles

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severe T-cell anergic to.

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The calcified granuloma formation

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can be everywhere.

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caseation necrosis

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look like blue cheese.

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CD4 Memeory Th1

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t cells

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Humoral adaptive immunity

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antibody mediated ability.

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Humoral

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th2 profiles Il-4 Il-5 and Il-13.
Il-10: th2 cytokines in mouse
Il-10: both th2 and th1 in human

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Activated T cells
Effector T Cells

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Effector T cells are the resulting differeniated T cells from acivated T cells
They can be classified in the fowlloiwn type depending on
The profiels of ctokines they make
Their main function in adaptive immunity

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Th2 cell

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high lever of IgE production as a response to Helminth parasites

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A lot of Thf functions

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is belong Th2 profiel t-cell

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Pumping of cytokines leading

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profile switching IgE and mast cell as well as plasma cell.

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Th2 responses

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neutralizing the responses. Th2 response is primary associate with allergy.

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T follicular Helper Cells (Tfh)

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Can produce Th1 and Th2 cytokines
Driven by:

Il-6 ? (inflamatory responses)
Bcl-6 as TF (tf= transcription factor)

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Express

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CDCR5: binds CSCL13 produced by stromal follicular cells
ICOS: binds ICOS ligand on B cells

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Knock out ICOS

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severe minaimal B cell activationa dn th2 response

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APCs

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macrophage and B cells need costimulatory

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BCR on a B-cells

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membrance bound immunoglobulin

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Bind to antigen and get phagocyted ( endocytosis and )

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antigen processing and presentation

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How to induce co-stimulation to the B cell ?

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The Threesome model .
B cell that presented , recognized by dendritic cells .T cells CD4 stand before B7 and CD28.

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Upon activation , T cell

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expresses CD40L

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It's now ready to

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replication and profilerate.
This system is elegant !

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Linked recognition

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a requirement for proper B cell actviation: the epitope recognized by DC and T cell and B cell has to be physical lined : Linked recognition.

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Vacinne fails

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because lack of linked regconition.

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CD40 ligand is expressed

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and it is critical for class switching. Stuck in primary T cell responses

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Cytokines usually

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come faster than CD40L . Generation of secretory machines.

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Differentiation of B cell hhas two stages

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Plasmablast (retains surface Ig and MHC II)
and plasma (lost both Surface Ig and MHC II)