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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
4.1
passive immunization: |
give patient a preformed antibody for protection against an antigen
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4.2
active immunization |
induces the immune system itself to acquire a permanent resistance to a specific pathogen
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4.3
immunogenicity |
ability of an Ag to induce immune response
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4.4
clonal expansion |
- B cells produce offsprings known as memory cells
- daughter cells has the same type of B cell receptors |
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4.5
B and T cells and the type of antigens they recognize: |
B = native, unaltered antigens. Bind to soluble antigenic epitopes (portion of antigen)
T = processed, denatured antigens, epitopes of specific antigens |
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4.6
Clonal expansion for T cells: |
need a ternary complex for activation
- T cell receptor, antigen, MHC, APC |
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4.7
Epitopes for B cells: |
hydrophilic peptides
6-7 AA |
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4.8
epitopes for T cells |
- internal linear peptides made by processing (APC engulfs antigen, breaks it up, presents a fragment)
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4.9
Antibody: |
- a protein produced by activated B lymphocytes
- binds specifically to a particular substance - its antigen - Y shaped molecule that contains 2 heavy and 2 light chains - 2 antigen binding sites (variable) - constant region gives effector function |
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4.10
Epitopes |
- portion of the antigen that bind to an immune receptor
- antigenic determinant - 1 antigen can have many epitopes |
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4.11
antigen and T cells |
can be recognized only when complexed w/ a MHC
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4.12
nonmicrobial antigens: |
- allergic people
- pollen eggwhite - blood cell surface molecules |
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4.13
antigens can elicit 2 types of antibody response: |
1) polyclonal: Ab against different epitopes come from progeny of many different B cells
2) monoclonal: response against a single epitope comes from the progeny of a single clone |
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4.14
Antigenicity |
ability of Ag to react specifically w/ an antibody or TCR
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4.15
immunogen |
if an Ag can induce immune response, then its an immunogen
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4.16
natural immunization |
Ag crosses a mucosal surface
Ag entry influences the Ab isotype production |
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4.17
experimental immunization |
s.c. subcutaneous
i.d. intradermal (provokes T cell responses) i.m. intramuscular (polio, flu) i.v. intravenous (Ab production) i.p. intraperitoneal i.n. intranasal oral |
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4.18
adjuvants |
- substance that enhances immunogenicity of substances mixed w/ it
- trick the immune system to think there is an infection - water, oil, bacterial products - don't form stable linkages w/ immunogen - activate: inflmmatory response, dendritic cells, APCs, TLRs, complement |
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4.19
ISCOMS |
- immune stimulatory complexes that can be use dot deliver peptides to the MHC I pathway
- lipids enclosing peptides, fuse w/ APC membrane - adjuvants w/ minimal toxicity |
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4.20
haptens |
- to fasten in greek
- antigens w/ single epitopes aka incomplete antigens - small organic molecules, single structure, - do not provoke antibodies when injected by themselves -> must be attached to protein carrier to stimulate Ab - penicillin-based drugs, poiison ivy, hydralazine, halotane |
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4.21
valence |
# of Ab molecules that can bind to a molecule of antigen at 1 time
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4.22
T cell epitopes and amphipatic peptides |
T cell epitopes are usually amphipatic peptides:
Hydrophobic - MHC hydrophilic - TCR |
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4.23
mitogens |
- polyclonal activators
- induce mitosis -> cell division in lymphocytes w/o antigen specificity - plant lectins-proteins |
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4.24
superantigens |
- polyclonal activators of T
- w/o specificity for antigen or MHC - food poisoning, toxic shock - don't need processing - cause the release of very high levels of cytokines -> inflammation -> tissue injury -> shock and death |