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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The Scientific method is true |
a theory is a hypothesis that has withstood many scientific test |
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Uniformitarism |
geologic process we observe today have been operated in the past |
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Earth's Oldness |
4.5 billion years |
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Earth's core made up off |
iron |
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earth exchanges _____ with the rest of the cosmos |
energy and mass |
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solar energy energizes all of the following major components except |
lithosphere |
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plates of plates tetonic |
lithosphere |
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motion of flow of material where hot matter rises from bottom and cool matter sinks from surface |
convection |
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bulk of the earth |
mantle
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earths major layers include (from outermost to innermost) |
crust, mantle, inner core, outer core |
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global geosystems |
climate system, geodynamo system, plate tetonic system |
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Magnetic reversal |
The earth's north and south pole flips
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proposed theory of continental dirt |
Alfred Wegener |
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New lithosphere is created |
Mid ocean ridges |
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Associated with a divergent late boundary |
all the above |
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type of plate boundary do the deepest earthquake occur |
convergent |
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Type of convergent plate boundary |
subduction zone |
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mountain ranged form as a result of ocean continent convergence |
the andes |
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west coast of south america |
a convergent plate boundary |
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example of transform plate boundary |
san andreas fault |
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plate parallel to the direction of the plate movement |
transform plate boundaries |
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determine rates of plate motions |
all the above |
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Modern seafloor spreading |
2 to 15 cm per year |
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how old are the oldest rocks on the ocean floor |
200 million years old |
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when did supercontinent Pangaea being to break apart |
200 million years ago |
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intense localized volcanism such as hawaii from above plumes of fast rising material |
deep mantle |
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Hawian Volcanoes are |
not located at a plate boundary
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Mid ocean ridges are also refer to |
spreading centers
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Mount St. Helen |
Cascade range |
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Great Rift of East Africa is |
divergent boundary |
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solid materials that do not posses an orderly arrangment of atom |
glasses |
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substances is not considered a mineral |
coal |
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isotopes |
the same number of protons but different atomic masses |
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atoms containing 8 proton 9 neutrons and 10 electrons |
+2 |
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Na+ |
sodium cation |
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a sodium (Na) chlorine (Cl) bond in NACI |
one electron is transfer from the sodium atom to the chlorine atom |
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diamond is a example of what bonding |
covalent |
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crystalline arrangement |
crystallization |
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chief iron ore |
iron oxide |
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mined as oxide |
iron |
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clevage |
splitting of mineral along planar surfaces |
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following statement false |
the most common mineral in earth's crust is quartz |
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silica tetrahedra readily bonds with cations |
it has a negative charge |
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identity of rock is dependent on |
texture |
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solidification of molten rock |
igneous rocks
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Minerals that contain metallic elements |
ore minerals |
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Minerals that contain metalliac elements |
ore minerals |
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does not depend on the chemical composition of an igneous rock / magma |
grain size |
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igneous rock crystallize on earth surface |
basalt |
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igneous rock that d/n consist of volcanic gas |
gabbro |
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minerals found in both mafic and felsic igneous rocks |
plagioclase feldspar |
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igneous rock of the crust and underlies virtually all of the floors of the ocean |
basalt |
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felsic igneous rocks is true |
felsic crystallizes at lower temperature than mafic rocks |
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for a rock of a specific composition |
the melting tempt increases with the increasing pressure |
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palisades sill |
mafic |
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large igneous bodies that form @ depth of Earth's crust |
plutons |
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igneous bodies concordant instrusive rock |
sill |
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how can a sill be distinguished from lava flow |
rock above and below a sill will show evidence of heating but only the rocks below the lava will show evidence of heating |
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fluid induced melting generates magma |
subduction zone |
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types of magma form when undergoes decompression |
mafic |
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tetonic setting has the greatest range |
convergent plate boudaries |
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classification of igneous rocks is dependent |
the relative proportions of slicate minerals |
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rock sorrounding and intrusive igneous body |
country rocks |
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Presence of water will_______ |
decreases |
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A large mineral sorrounded by much smaller mineral in an igneous rock is |
pumice |
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difference bet intrusive and extrusive igneous rock is |
where it solidifies |
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molten rock beneath earth's surface |
magma |
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about lava is true |
high temperature lavas are less viscous than low temperature lavas |
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basaltic lava flow that has a ropy folded surface |
pahoehoe |
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solidified fragments of volcanic material ejected into the air |
pyroclasts |
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slope of a cinder cone |
the maximum angle at which cinders remains stable |
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type of volcanoe that consist both lava flow and pyroclastic deposits |
a stratovolcano |
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huge mudflows |
lahars |
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Nevada del ruiz |
a large mudflow of volcanic debris |
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main contituent of volcanic gas |
water vapor |
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volcanic gases from aerosoles |
sulfur dioxide |
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Mount pinatubo |
carbon dioxide |
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world's active volcanoes |
pacific ocean |
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least likely to signal an impeding volcanic eruptions |
tsunamis |
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magma generated in earth's interior rises |
less dense |
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basaltic lava that cools under water forms distinct_______ features |
pahoehoe |
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volcanic erruptions endanger commerical air traffics |
volcanic ash lofted into the air can damage engines |
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avg rate of temperature increases with depth in the earth's crust |
30 C/km |
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following processes will cause metamorphism |
all of the above |
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general pressures in all directions |
confining pressure |
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highest metemorphic grade |
gnesis |
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split easily into thin sheets along smooth parrallel surfaces |
slate |
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metamporphism caused by high temp and high pressure |
regional |
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metamorphism caused by igneous intrusions |
contact metamorphism |
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metamorphic changes in shale with increasing metamorphic grade |
slate shicst gensis |
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light colored rocks with coarse bands |
gnesis |
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pt path occurs |
burial and heating |
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hardening of sediments to sedimentary rocks |
lithification |
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accumulations of solid fragments produced by weathering |
clastic sediments |
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transportation of sediments is false |
smaller particles settle faster than larger particles |
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procesess occurs during lithification |
all of these may occur in lithification |
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burial of sediment increasing results in |
increasing pressure and increasing temperature |
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sedimentary procesess take place |
at or near earth's surface |
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Geoscientist |
all of the above |