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51 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Net Primary Productivity

NPP = GPP - respiration loss




the amount of energy available to organisms in an ecosystem







Gross Primary Productivity

the amount of energy captured via photosynthesis

respiration loss

the amount of energy used for cellular respiration by plants

Trophic pyramid

Shows energy loss and population decline between trophic levels




90% of the energy is lost as heat


10% moves up to the next level

succession

gradual change in the species that make up an ecosystem

primary succession

happens on places WITHOUT previous ecosystems where there is NO SOIL




pioneer species like LICHEN and MOSS begin succession

secondary succession

happens in places where a previous ecosystem has been disturbed and there is ALREADY SOIL there




skips pioneer species step

Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis

Biodiversity is highest in ecosystems experiencing moderate levels of disturbance

resilience

ability of an ecosystem to recover from a disturbance




more diversity = more resilient

climax community

the ecosystem that eventually forms as an end product of succession

instrumental value

valuable because humans use it

ecosystem services

pollination


filtering water


cleaning air


providing resources


-food


-lumber


-medicine

niche

describes how an organism fits into its ecosystem




What it needs


how it interacts with others


what it provides

fundamental niche

ALL possible conditions in which a population could survive




large


unrealistic

realized niche

the conditions in which a population ACTUALLY survives in




small


real life

resource partitioning

organisms with overlaping niches avoid competition by using the resources in different ways




-spatial partioning (use different areas)


-temporal partitioning (use at different times)


-morphological partitioning (different body shapes to use resource differently)

Generalist species

– have a wide range of tolerance to most abiotic conditions


- have a broad niche


-can live in many habitats


-eat a variety of foods

specialist species

- have a smaller range of tolerance to most abiotic conditions


- occupy narrow niches


- use few food sources


- can live in only very specific habitats


- are more sensitive and prone to extinction

competition

occurs when 2 organisms have overlapping niche




fitness of both organisms decreases

interspecific competition

competition between 2 DIFFERENT species

intraspecfic competiton

competition between 2 of the SAME species

Competitive Exclusion Principle

When 2 species occupy the same niche, competition will occur. the results of this competition will be either:




- weaker competitor move to seperate niche


or


- weaker competitor goes extinct

Predation

One organism kills and eats the other




predator fitness increaseas


prey fitness decreases

Predator prey populations fluctuate together.




Prey pop always bigger




Predator population curve is delayed after the pery population curve

keystone predator

predator that increases the diversity of its ecosystem




does so by keeping competition in check. prevents one species from outcompeting all the others

mutualism

interaction where both species benefit

parasitism

one organism feeds off of another WITHOUT KILLING it immediately




parasite fitness increases


host fitness decreases

commensalism

interaction where one species benefits without effecting the other species in any way




one fitness goes up


other fitness not effected

Natural selection

- all organisms have different traits




- Nature creates a selective pressure favoring traits that help organisms survive and reproduce




- traits that help survive and reproduce are adaptations




- organisms with adaptations reproduce more passing on their genes




- eventually adaptation spreads to the whole population

Artificial selection

Humans promote the presence of a desirable trait through selective breeding

founder effect

evolution occurs when a small population colonizes a new area

bottleneck effect

evolution occurs in a population after there has been a huge population crash

genetic drift

evolution occurs as a result of random mating




mostly in small populations

Coevolution

2 species evolving in response to each other

Evolutionary Arms Race

coevolution occurring between predator and prey

convergent evolution

2 different species evolve similar traits




ex: bats and birds

Rate of Evolution is influenced by....

Population size


Genetic Diversity


Rate of Environmental Change


Generation Time

Speciation

one species becomes 2 different species

Allopatric speciation

Geographic Isolation leads to different traits




eventually they become genetically distinct


and can no longer reproduce

Sympatric speciation

mutations to sex chromosomes causing polyploidy




Reproductive isolation

6th extinction

happening now




Larger and faster than ever before




caused by human activity

Habitat loss

leading cause of biodiversity loss




biggest source of habitat loss = agriculture

Invasive species

species introduced to a new area, quickly take over by outcompeting native species and reduce biodiversity




successful b/c


1. no predators


2. grow quickly


3. reproduce quickly

Biomagnification

concentration of a pollutant increases as it moves up the food chain



top predators have much more in them than primary consumers




DDT and bald eagle example


Endocrine disruptors

disrupts endocrine system (horomones)





pH

Measure of the acidity of water




Low pH mobilizes heavy metals allowing them to dissolve into groundwater and runoff

turbidity

measure of water clarity




high turbidity = not clear




high turbidity indicates pollution by sediment

disolved oxygen (DO)

the amount of oxygen in the water




high DO = better




dependent upon temperature (cold water = more DO)




decomposition of organic matter by bacteria lowers DO

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

measures the oxygen requirement of organisms living in a body of water




high BOD indicates lots of decomposition of organic matter




high BOD = low DO

Nitrates

measures amount of NO3 in the water




indicates nutrient pollution from animal waste or fertilizer




excess causes algal bloom and eutrophication

phosphates

Measures amount of phosphate in water




indicates nutrient pollution from fertilizer / detergent




excess causes algal bloom and eutrophication