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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Nerves can function as 1 of these 3:
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1) just sensory (sight, smell)
2) just motor (skeletal muscles) 3) mixed |
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Ascending spinal tracts do what?
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carry sensory info up the spinal cord to the brain- postcentral gyrus
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Descending spinal tracts do what?
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carry motor info down spinal cord to the body
(precentral gyrus) |
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Conus medullaris=
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spinal cord tapers to a conical portion as it ends
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filum terminale =
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from the conus medullaris, is an extension of pia mater
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cauda equina =
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lower spinal nerves actually leave vertebral canal lower than conus medullaris
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In the spinal cord,
1) horn = 2) column = |
1) gray matter
2) white matter |
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gray commissure =
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a cross-bar or gray matter connecting mirror image lateral gray masses in the spinal cord
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reflex arc=
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-the smallest, simplest portion of the nervous system capable of receiving a stimulus and producing a response
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stretch reflex =
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monosynaptic
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flexor reflex =
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-polysynaptic
-functions to move a limb or body part away from a painful stimulus -has an association neuron between the dorsal horn and ventral horn |
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crossed-extensor reflex=
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-contralateral
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exocrine glands do what?
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discharge secretions through a duct system, generally have lubricating or digestive enzymes
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endocrine glands do what?
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discharge secretions directly into ECF then into blood
ex: hormones |
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What is down regulation?
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the hormone is in excess so decrease the # of receptors
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What is up regulation?
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the hormone is deficient so increase the # of receptors
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What are paracrines and give 1 example:
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target immediate vicinity
ex: pancreatic somatostatin |
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What are autocrines and give 1 example:
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target itself
ex: prostaglandins-released by smooth muscle cells and cause the smooth muscle to contract |
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endocrines=
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target somewhere else in the body
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water soluble hormones=
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-circulate freely in blood but can't cross cell membrane
-bind to a receptor and active "2nd messenger" |
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white ramus communicans=
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-myelinated fiber
-helps connect paravertebral ganglion to spinal nerve |
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gray ramus communicans=
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-non-myelinated
-helps connect paravertebral ganglion to spinal nerve |
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prevertebral ganglia=
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3 ganglia in front of abdominal aorta
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what does the sympathetic division do to the body?
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-increase HR, BP
-dilate pupils -deepen breathing -decrease secretion and mobility of GI tracts -skin cools, cold sweaty palms |
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(Sympathetic)
Preganglionic fibers can do one of these 3: |
1) synapse with postganglionic fiber at same level
2) synapse with postganglionic fiber at different level 3) pass thru the paravertebral ganglion and synapse in prevertebral ganglion, then known as splanchnic nerves |
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splanchnic nerves innervate what?
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-liver
-pancreas -stomach -intestines -kidney -bladder |
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pharmacological ranges of hormones (using steroids) can cause:
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-liver cancer
-sturbility -anti-social behavior - increased breast size in males -increased level of cholesterol |
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Hormones produced by the thyroid gland:
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1) triiodothyronine - T3
2) thyroxine - T4 3) calcitonin |
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Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex =
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1) aldosterone
2) cortisol 3) DHEA |
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Hormones produced by the adrenal medulla
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epinephrine and norepinephrine
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