Midterm Comm Theory

Front 1

Symbolic Interactionism (Chapter 5)

Back 1

Humans act toward people, things, and events on the basis of the meanings they assign to them. Once people define a situation as real, it has very real consequences. Without language there would be no thought, no sense of self, and no socializing presence of society within the individual.

Front 2

Coordinated Management of Meaning (Chapter 6)

Back 2

Persons-in-conversation co-construct their own social realities and are simultaneously shaped by the worlds they create. They can achieve coherence through common interpretation of their stories told. They can achieve coordination by meshing their stories lived. Dialogic communication, which is learnable, teachable, and contagious, improves the quality of life for everyone.

Front 3

Expectancy Violations Theory (Chapter 7)

Back 3

Violating another person's interpersonal expectations can be a superior strategy to conformity. When the meaning of a violation is ambiguous, communicators with a high reward valence can enhance their attractiveness, credibility, and persuasiveness by doing the unexpected. When the violation valence or reward is negative, they should act in a socially appropriate way. (Socio-pyschological tradition)

proxemic, intimate distance, Categorical Imperative

Front 4

Constructivism (Chapter 8)

Back 4

Individuals who are more cognitively complex in their perceptions of others have the mental capacity to construct sophisticated message plans that pursue multiple goals. They then have the ability to deliver person-centered messages that achieve the outcomes they desire. (Socio-psychological and rhetorical traditions)

Front 5

Social Penetration Theory (Chapter 9)

Back 5

Interpersonal closeness proceeds in a gradual and orderly fashion from superficial to intimate levels of exchange as a function of anticipated present and future outcomes. Lasting intimacy requires continual and mutual vulnerability through breadth and depth of self-disclosure. (Socio-psychological tradition)

Front 6

Uncertainty Reduction Theory (Chapter 10)

Back 6

When people meet, their primary concern is to reduce uncertainty about each other and their relationship. As verbal output, nonverbal warmth, self-disclosure, similarity, and shared communication networks increase uncertainty decreases—and vice versa. Information seeking and reciprocity are positively correlated with uncertainty. (Socio-psychological tradition)

axiom, theorem, message plan, passive active interactive strategy, effective comm, predicted outcome value

Front 7

Relational Dialectics (Chapter 12)

Back 7

Social life is a dynamic knot of contradictions, a ceaseless interplay between contradictory or opposing tendencies such as integration-separation, stability-change, and expression-nonexpression. Quality relationships are constituted through dialogue, which is an aesthetic accomplishment that produces fleeting moments of unity through a profound respect for the disparate voices. (Phenomenological tradition)

Front 8

The Interactional View (Chapter 13)

Back 8

Relationships within a family system are interconnected and highly resistant to change. Communication among members has a content component and a relationship component that centers on issues of control. The system can be transformed only when members receive outside help to reframe their metacommunication. (Cybernetics tradition)

Front 9

Social Judgment Theory (Chapter 14)

Back 9

The larger the discrepancy between a speaker's position and a listener's point of view, the greater the change in attitude—as long as the message is within the hearer's latitude of acceptance. High ego-involvement usually indicates a wide latitude of rejection. Messages that fall there may have a boomerang effect. (Socio-psychological tradition)

Front 10

Elaboration Likelihood Model (Chapter 15)

Back 10

Message elaboration is the central route of persuasion that produces major positive attitude change. It occurs when unbiased listeners are motivated and able to scrutinize arguments that they consider strong. Message-irrelevant factors hold sway on the peripheral path, a more common route that produces fragile shifts in attitude. (Socio-psychological tradition)

Front 11

Cognitive Dissonance (Chapter 16)

Back 11

Cognitive dissonance is an aversive drive that causes people to (1) avoid opposing viewpoints, (2) seek reassurance after making a tough decision, and (3)change private beliefs to match public behavior when there is minimal justification for an action. Self-consistency, a sense of personal responsibility, or self-affirmation can explain dissonance reduction. (Socio-psychological tradition)

Front 12

Functional Perspective on Group Decision Making (Chapter 17)

Back 12

Groups make high-quality decisions when members fulfill four requisite functions: (1) problem analysis, (2) goal setting, (3) identification of alternatives, and (4) evaluation of positive and negative consequences. Most group communication disrupts progress toward accomplishing these functional tasks, but counteractive communication can bring people back to rational inquiry. (Socio-psychological and cybernetic traditions)

Front 13

Adaptive Structuration Theory (Chapter 18)

Back 13

Structuration is the production and reproduction of social systems by people's use of rules and resources in interaction. Communication matters when groups make decisions. Quality of structure means that rules and resources members use will affect decisions, and in turn those structures will be affected by those decisions. (Socio-cultural and cybernetic traditions)

Front 14

George Herbert Mead

Back 14

Symbolic Interactionism

Front 15

pearce and Cronen

Back 15

Coordinated Management of Meaning

Front 16

Judee Burgoon

Back 16

Expectancy Violations Theory

Front 17

Jesse Delia

Back 17

Construciveism

Front 18

Altman and Taylor

Back 18

Social Penetration theory

Front 19

Charles Berger

Back 19

Uncertainty Reduction Theory

Front 20

Baxter and Montgomery

Back 20

Relational Dialectics

Front 21

Paul Watzlawick

Back 21

Interactional View

Front 22

Muzafer Serif

Back 22

Social Judgement theory

Front 23

Petty and Cacioppo

Back 23

Elaboration Likelihood model

Front 24

Leon Festinger

Back 24

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Front 25

Hirokawa and Gouran

Back 25

Functional Perspecives on Group Decision Making

Front 26

Scott Poole

Back 26

Adaptive Structuration Theory

Front 27

Looking-Glass Self (Symbolic interactionism)

Back 27

The mental image that results from taking the role of the other; the objective self; me.

Front 28

I self - smybolic interactionism

Back 28

The spontaneous driving force that fosters all that is novel, unpredictable, and unorganized in the self.

Front 29

me self - symbolic interactionism

Back 29

The objective self; the image of self seen when one takes the role of the other.

Front 30

Self-fulfilling prophecy - symbolic interactionism

Back 30

The tendency for our expectations to evoke responses that confirm what we originally anticipated.

Front 31

A desription of an unwanted repetitive communication pattern—“Darn, we did it again.”

Back 31

Strange loop

CMMC

Front 32

Conversation in which people speak in a manner that makes others want to listen and listen in a way that makes others want to speak

Back 32

Dialogic communication

CMM

Front 33

Any verbal or nonverbal message as part of an interaction; the basic building block of the social universe people create; threats, promises, insults, compliments, etc.

Back 33

Speech act

CMM

Front 34

“nounable” sequence of speech acts with a beginning, middle, and end that are held together by story; an argument, interview, wedding, mediation, etc.

Back 34

Episode

CMMA

Front 35

cThe mental ability to distinguish subtle personality and behavioral differences among people.

Back 35

Cognitive Complexity

constructivismc

Front 36

A tailor-made message for a specific individual and context; reflects the communicator’s ability to anticipate response and adjust accordingly.

Back 36

Person-Centered Messages

constructivism

Front 37

A three-stage process of goals, assessed, plans selected, and tactics enacted (action).

Back 37

Message Production

constructivism

Front 38

The range of areas in an individuals life over which disclosure takes place.

Back 38

Breadth of penetration

social penetration theory

Front 39

A dynamic knot of contradictions in personal relationships; an unceasing interplay between contrary and opposing tendencies.

Back 39

Relational Dialectics

Front 40

The ongoing tensions played out within a relationship, including integration-separtion, stability-change, and expression-nonexpression.

Back 40

Internal Dialectics

Front 41

people act toward things based on the meaning those things have for them; and these meanings are derived from social interaction and modified through interpretation.

Back 41

symbolic interactionism

Front 42

start with the assertion that persons in conversation co-construct their own social realities and are simultaneously shaped by the worlds they create The theory states the use of language creates the social world around it.

Back 42

coordinated management of meaning

Front 43

Geertz & Pacanowsky

Back 43

Cultural Approach to Organizations

Front 44

Stanley Deetz

Back 44

Critical Theory of Communication in Organizations

Front 45

Kenneth Burke

Back 45

Dramatism

Front 46

Walter Fisher

Back 46

Narrative Paradigm

Front 47

Roland Barthes

Back 47

Semiotics

Front 48

Stuart Hall

Back 48

Cultural Studies

Front 49

George Gerbner

Back 49

Cultivation Theory

Front 50

McCombs & Shaw

Back 50

Agenda Setting Theory

Front 51

Elisabeth Noelle-Nuemann

Back 51

Spiral of Silence

Front 52

Stella Ting-Toomey

Back 52

Face Negotiation Theory

Front 53

Gerry Philipsen

Back 53

Speech Codes Theory

Front 54

Harding & Wood

Back 54

Standpoint Theory

Front 55

Cheris Kramarae

Back 55

Muted Group Theory

Front 56

Humans are animals suspended in webs of significance that they themselves have spun. An organization doesn't have a culture, it is a culture—a unique system of shared meanings. A nonintrusive ethnographic approach interprets stories, rites, and other symbolism to make sense of corporate culture.

Back 56

Cultural Approach to Organizations

Front 57

The naïve notion that communication is merely the transmission of information perpetuates managerialism, discursive closure, and the corporate colonization of everyday life. Language is the principal medium through which social reality is produced and reproduced. Managers can further a company's health and democratic values by coordinating stakeholder participation in corporate decisions.

Back 57

Critical Theory of Communication in Organizations (Chapter 20)

Front 58

Life is drama. The dramatistic pentad of act, scene, agent, agency, and purpose is the critic's tool to discover a speaker's motive. The ultimate motive of rhetoric is the purging of guilt. Without audience identification with the speaker, there is no persuasion

Back 58

Dramatism

Front 59

People are storytelling animals; almost all forms of human communication are fundamentally narrative. Listeners judge a story by whether it hangs together and rings true with the values of an ideal audience. Thus, narrative rationality is a matter of coherence and fidelity.

Back 59

Narrative Paradigm

Front 60

The significant visual sign systems of a culture affirm the status quo by suggesting that the world as it is today is natural, inevitable, and eternal. Mythmakers do this by co-opting neutral denotative signs to become signifiers without historical grounding in second-order connotative semiotic systems. (Semiotic tradition).

Back 60

Semiotics

Front 61

The mass media function to maintain the ideology of those who already have power. Corporately controlled media provide the dominant discourse of the day that frames interpretation of events. Critics should seek not only to interpret culture, but to change it. Media audiences do have the capacity to resist hegemonic influence. (Critical tradition)

Back 61

Cultural Studies (Chapter 26)

Front 62

Television has become society's storyteller. Heavy television viewers see a vast quantity of dramatic violence, which cultivates an exaggerated belief in a mean and scary world. Mainstreaming and resonance are two of the processes that create a homogeneous and fearful populace. (Socio-cultural and socio-psychological traditions)

Back 62

Cultivation Theory (Chapter 27)

Front 63

The media tell us (1) what to think about, and (2) how to think about it. The first process (agenda setting) transfers the salience of items on their news agenda to our agenda. The second process (framing) transfers the salience of selected attributes to prominence among the pictures in our heads. (Socio-psychological tradition)

Back 63

Agenda Setting Theory (Chapter 28)

Front 64

People live in perpetual fear of isolating themselves and carefully monitor public opinion to see which views are acceptable. When their opinions appear out of favor, they keep silent. Television's constant repetition of a single point of view biases perception of public opinion and accelerates the spiral of silence. (Socio-psychological tradition)

Back 64

Spiral of Silence (Chapter 29)

Front 65

People from collectivistic cultures with an interdependent self-image are concerned with giving other-face or mutual face, so they adopt a conflict style of avoiding or integrating. People from individualistic cultures with an independent self-image are concerned with protecting self-face, so they adopt a conflict style of dominating. (Socio-cultural and socio-psychological traditions)

Back 65

Face Negotiation Theory (Chapter 31)

Front 66

Through ethnography of communication we know all cultures have multiple speech codes that involve a distinctive psychology, sociology, and rhetoric. The meaning of a speech code is determined by speakers and listeners, and is woven into speech itself. Artful use of the code can explain, predict, and control talk about talk. (Socio-cultural tradition)

Back 66

Speech Codes Theory (Chapter 32)

Front 67

Different locations within the social hierarchy affect what is seen. The standpoints of marginalized people provide less false views of the world than do the privileged perspectives of the powerful. Strong objectivity requires that scientific research start from the lives of women, the poor, gays and lesbians, and racial minorities. (Critical tradition)

Back 67

Standpoint Theory (Chapter 34)

Front 68

Man-made language aids in defining, depreciating, and excluding women. Women are less articulate in public because the words and the norms they use have been devised by men. As women cease to be muted, men will no longer maintain their position of dominance in society. (Critical phenomenological traditions)

Back 68

Muted Group Theory (Chapter 35)