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348 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is matter
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anything that has mass and takes up space
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what is the mass of an object
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the amount of matter the object contains
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what is made up of matter
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everything
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materials may differ in terms of the ____ of matter they contain
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kind
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what is a substance
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matter that has a uniform and definite composition
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what are substances also referred to
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pure substances
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how many kinds of matter do substances contain
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one kind of matter
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why isn't lemonade a substance
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not all samples of lemonade are identical
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what is a physical property
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a quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance's composition
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what are examples of physical properties
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color, solubility, odor, hardness, density, melting point, and boiling point
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what are the three physical states
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solid, liquid, and gas
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what are examples of solids
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coal, sugar, ice and iron
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what is a solid
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matter that has a definite shape and volume
shape of solid does not depend on the shape of its container particles are packed tightly together incompressible cannot be squashed into a smaller volume expand only slightly when heated |
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what are examples of liquids
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water, milk, and blood
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what is a liquid
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a form of matter that flows, has a fixed volume, and takes the shape of its container
incompressible expand when heated |
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what is always the same no matter what shape liquids take
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the amount of space, or volume
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particles in a gas are
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spaced far apart
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particles in a liquid are
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particles are in close contact with one another, but are not rigidly packed
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gases expand without
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limit to fill any space
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what is a gas
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a form of matter that takes both the shape and volume of its container
easily compressed |
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difference between gas & vapor & steam
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gas is limited to those substances that exist in the gaseous state at ordinary room temperature
vapor describes the gaseous state of a substance that is generally a liquid or solid at room temperature |
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what is steam
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a gaseous form of water
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why is steam referred to as a vapor
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water is a liquid at room temperature and moist air contains water vapor
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what is a physical change
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such a change, which alters a given material withought changing its composition
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what are examples of physical changes
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cutting, grinding, bending, changes in room temp - melting & freezing of water, conversion of water to steam, condensation of steam to water
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what is a mixture
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a phsyical blend of two or more substances
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what is one important characteristic of a mixture
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their compositions may vary
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what are the two kinds of mixtures
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heterogeneous or homogeneous
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what is a heterogeneous mixture
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one that is not uniform in
composition composition of one portion of a mixture would be different from another portion |
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what is a homogeneous mixture
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completely uniform composition
components are evenly distributed throughout the sample |
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what is the special name given to homogeneous mixtures by chemists
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solutions
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solutions may be
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gases, liquids, or solids
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what is a phase
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any part of a system with uniform composition and properties
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how many phases does a homogeneous mixture consist of
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single phase
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how many phases does a heterogeneous mixture consist of
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two or more phases
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how would you separate the components of tap water
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distillation
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what is distillation
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when a liquid is boiled to produce a vapor that is then condensed again to be a liquid
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describe the process of distilliation
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first heated in a flask to form staem that enters a glass tube
the solid substances that originally dissolved in the water remain in the distillation flask bc they do not change into a vapor the steam cools and forms droplets of water inside the tube the water drips into a receiver, where its collected the resulting distilled water is pure except for the dissolved gases water from which even the dissolved gases are removed is a pure substance |
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what two groups can substances be classified into
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elements and compounds
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what are elements
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the simplest forms of matter that can exist under labatory conditions
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what cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means
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elements
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what are the building blocks for all other substances
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elements
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what are examples of elements
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oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon
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how can compounds be formed by elements
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when two or more elements combine chemicall with one another
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what are compounds
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substances that can be separated into simpler substances only by chemical means
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what is one process of separating compounds into simpler substances
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heating
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how can you decide whether a sample of matter is a substance or a mixture
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considering whether the material in question is always a single kind of material
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what is a chemical symbol
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a one or two letter symbol that represents elements
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what do most of symbols for elements consist of
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first one or two letters of the element's name
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the first letter of a chemical symbol is always ______
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capitalized
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if a second letter is used in a chemical symbol it is ______
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lowercase
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in some cases, the symbol does not resemble the common name
these chemical symbols are derived from |
latin or greek names
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chemical symbols provide a shorthand way to
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write the chemical formulas of compounds
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the elements that make up a compound
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are always present in the same proportion
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a specific compound is always made up of the same
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elements in the same proportions
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the formula for a specific chemical compound
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is always the same
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what is a chemical reaction
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when one or more substances change into new substances
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what are the starting substances in chemical reactions
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reactants
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what are the substances formed in chemical reactions
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products
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what is a chemical property
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the ability of a substance to undergo a chemical reaction and to form new substances
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when is a chemical property observed
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only when a substance undergoes a chemical change
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what does a chemical change always result in
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a change in chemical composition of the substances involved
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what words signify a chemical change
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burn, rot, rust, decomose, ferment, explode, and corrode
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what does the arrow in a formula stand for
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change into or produce
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the reactants are written to the ____ side of the arrow
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left
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the products are written to the ___ side of the arrow
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right
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how can you tell whether a chemical reaction has taken place
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energy is always absorbed or given off in chemical reactions
change in color change in odor production of a gas or solid from a liquid |
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what types of changes are reversible
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physical changes
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what types of changes not easily reversed
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chemical changes
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what is the most familiar chemical change
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combustion
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what is combustion
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burning
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the quantity of matter is ______ during any chemical reaction
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unchanged
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the mass of products is always ______ to the mass of reactants
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equal
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what is the law of conservation of mass
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in any physical change or chemical reaction, mass is neither created nor destroyed; it is conserved
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what type of measurements will you use in chemistry
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International System of Measurements (SI)
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what are qualitative measurements
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they give results in a descriptive, nonnumerical form
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what are quantitative measurements
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give results in a definite form, usually as numbers and units
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what is scientific notation
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when a number is written as the product of two numbers: a coefficient and 10 raised to a power
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what is the exponent if the number is greater than ten in scientific notation
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positive and equals the number of places the original decimal point has been moved tothe left to write the number in scientific notation
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what is the exponent if the number is less than ten in scientific notation
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negative exponent and value of exponent equals the number of places the original decimal point has been moved to the right to write the number in scientific notation
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how do you multiply numbers written in scientific notation
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multiply the coefficients and add the exponents
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how do you divide numbers written in scientific notation
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first divide the coefficients then
subtract the exponent in the denominator from the exponent in the numerator |
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what must you do before adding or subracting numbers written in scientific notation
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you must make the exponents the same because the exponents determine the locations of the decimal points in the original numbers
the decimal points must be aligned before you add the two numbers |
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what is accuracy
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a measure of how cloase a measurement comes to the actual or true value of whatever is measured
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what is precision
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a measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another
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what does the precision of a measurement depend on
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more than one measurement
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how can one evaluate the accuracy of a measurement
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it must be compared with the correct value
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what is the accepted value
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the correct value based on reliable sources
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what is the experimental value
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the value measured in the lab
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what is the error
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the difference between the accepted value and the experimental value
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error can be positive or negative depending on
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wheter the experimental value is greater than or less than the accepted value
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what is the percent error
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the absolute value of the error divided by the accepted value, multiplied by 100%
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using the absolute value of the error means that
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the percent error will always be a positive value
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what are significant figures
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all of the digits that are known, plus a last digit that is estimated
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why must measurements always be reported to the correct number of sig figs
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bc calculated answers depend upon the number of significant figures in the values used in the calculation
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what is the International System of Units (SI)
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a revised version of the metric system
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what are the seven SI base units
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mega, kilo, deci, centi, milli, micro, nano, pico
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what is mega
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M
1 mill times larger 1 000 000 10^6 |
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what is kilo
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k
1000 times larger 1000 10^3 |
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what is deci
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d
10 times smaller 1/10 10^-1 |
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what is centi
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c
100 times smaller 1/100 10^-2 |
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what is milli
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m
1000 times smaller 1/1000 10^-3 |
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what is micro
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u
1 mill times smaller 1/1 000 000 10^-6 |
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what is nano
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n
1000 mill times smaller 1/1 000 000 000 10^-9 |
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what is pico
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p
1 trill times smaller 1/1 000 000 000 000 10^-12 |
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what is the order of the metric units of length
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kilo, hecto, deka, g/l/m, deci, centi, milli
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what is volume
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the space occupied by any sample of matter
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what is a liter
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measures volume
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how can you measure volume of a liquid
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graduated cylinder, pipet, or buret, flask
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when will the volume of any solid, liquid, or gas change
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with temperature
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the force of gravity on earth is about ___________ than on the moon
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6 times
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what is weight
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a force that measures the pull on a given mass by gravity
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what is mass
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a measure of the quantity of matter
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although the weight of an object can change with its location, it's mass
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remains constant regardless of its location
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objects can become _____ but never _____
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weightless, massless
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the mass of an object is measured in comparison to a standard mass of
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1 kilogram
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what can you use to measure the mass of an object
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a platform balance
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what is density
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the ratio of the mass of an object to its volume
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what is the units for density
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grams per cubic centimeter
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density is a characteristic property that depends on
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only the composition of a substance not on the size of the sample
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if the density of one sample is less than another, then what will happen
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it will float on top of the other
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because density is mass divided by volume, the desnity of a substance generally ____ as its temperature _______
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decreases, increases
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what is specific gravity
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a comparison of the density of a substance with the density of a reference substance, usually at the same temperature
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what are the units for specific gravity
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no units
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how can the specific gravity of a liquid be measured
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hydrometer
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what are examples of uses of specific gravity
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diabetes, checkin condition of antifreeze in your car, acid in an automobile battery
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what a three-step-problem-solving approach
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1. analyze
2. calculate 3. evaluate |
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how do you find density
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density = mass / volume
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how do you find volume
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volume = mass / density
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how do you find mass
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mass = density x volume
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what is a conversion factor
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a ratio of equivalent measurements
the measurement in the numerator is equivalent to the measurement in the denominator |
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another way to look at conversion factors
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smaller number & larger unit
over larger number & smaller unit |
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what is dimensional analysis
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a way to analyze and solve problems using the units or dimensions of the measurements
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what did democritus of abdera, a teacher who lived in Greece during th fourth century b.c., first suggest?
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the existence of the tiny fundamental particles that make up matter
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what did democritus call the tiny fundamental particles that make up matter
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atoms
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what did the beleive about atoms
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that they were indivisible and indestructible
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what did democritus's not work
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they were not useful in explaining chemical behavior
lacked experimental support |
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the modern process of discovery regarding atoms began with
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john dalton
english schoolteacher |
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what did dalton do that democritus didn't do
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performed experiments to test and correct his atomic theory
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what did dalton study
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the ratios in which elements combine in chemical reactions
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what did dalton form based onthe results of his experiments
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hypotheses and theories to explain his observations
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what is Dalton's atomic theory
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1. all elements are composed of tiny indivisible particles called atoms
2. atoms of the same element are identical. the atoms of any one element are different from those of any other element 3. atoms of different elements can physically mix together or can chemically combine with one another in simple whole-number ratios to form compounds 4. chemical reactions occur when atoms are separated, joined, or rearanged. atoms ofone element, however, are never changed into atoms of another element as a result of a chemical reaction |
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what is an atom defined as
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the smallest particle of anelement that retains the properties of that element
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how many copper atoms could u line up to produce a 1cm line?
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1 000 000 000
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how can you see atoms
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scanning tunneling microscope
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what is one important change today about dalton's atomic theory
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atoms are now known to be divisible
they can be broken down into evensmaller, more fundamental particles |
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what are the tree kinds of subatomic particles
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electrons, protons, and neutrons
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what are electrons
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negatively charged subatomic particles
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who discovered electrons
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J.J. thomson
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how did thomson discover electrons
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he performed experiments that involved passing electric current through gases at low pressure
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thomson sealed the gases in glass tubes fitted at botheds with metal disks called
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electrodes
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what is an anode
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a positively charged electrode
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what is a cathode
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negatively charged electrode
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what is the cathode ray
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a glowing beam that formed between the electrodes, from cathode to the anode
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what are cathode rays attracted to
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metal plates that have a positive lectrical charge
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plates that carry a negative electrical charge ______ the rays
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repel
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what did thomson propose about cathode rays
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that its a stream of tiny negatively charged particles moving at high speed (electrons)
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thomson also showed that the production of cathode rays did not depend on
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the kind of agas in the cathode-ray tube or the type of metal used for the electrodes
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what did thomson conclude
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that electrons must be parts of the atoms of all elements
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thomson and other determined that an electron's mass is about ________ of the mass of a hydrogen atom
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1/2000
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the american scientist robert a milikan carried out experiments that allowed him
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to find the quantity of charge carried by an electron
determined the ratio of the charge to the mass of an electron |
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an electron carries exactly
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one unit of negative charge
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the mass of an electron is ______ the mass of a hydrogen atom (millikan)
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1/1840
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atoms have no net electric charge, so they are
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electrically neutral
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waht did E Goldstein observe
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a cathode ray tube and found rays traveling in the direction opposite to those f the cathode rays
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what did goldstein call the rays that he observed
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canal rays
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what did he conclude of canal rays
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thy they were composed of positive particles
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what are protons
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positively charged subatomic particles
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each proton has a mass about ______ times of that an electron
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1840
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who confirmed the existence of the neutron
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james chadwick
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what are neutrons
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subatomic particles with no charge
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wat does the mass of a neutron nearly equal
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the mass of a proton
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the fundamental building blocks of atoms are
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electrons, protons, and neutrons
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what did ernest rutherford's test use
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the relativey massive alpha particles
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what are alpha particles
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helium atoms that have lost their two electrons and have a double positve charge because of the two remaining protons
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what did rutherford do in his experiment
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directed a narrow beam of alpha particles at a very thin sheet of gold foil
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what was the prevailing theory
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the alpha particles should have passed easily through the gold with only a slight defelection due to the positive charge thought to be spread out in the gold atoms
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the great majority of alpha particles
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passed straight through the gold atoms without deflection
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a small fraction of the alpha particles
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bounced off the gold foil at very large angles
some even bounced straight back toward the source |
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what was the new theory that rutherford suggested about atoms
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that they were mostly empty space (lack of deflection of most of the alpha particles)
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what did rutherford conclude
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all the positive charge and almost all the mass are concentrated in a small region that has enough positive charge to account for the great defelection of some of the alpha particles
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what is the nucleus
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central core of an atom and is composed of protons and eutrons
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what is the atomic number of an element
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the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of that element
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what does the atomic number identify
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an element
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the number of protons equal the
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number of electrons
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why do the number of electrons in an atom always equal the number of protons in the nucleus
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because atoms are electrically neutral
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what is the mass number
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the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom
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if you know the atomic number and mass number of anatom you can determine
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the atom's composition
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how can you find the number of neutrons
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mass number - atomic number
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how can you use the mass number and the name of the element to designate atoms
(example of gold) |
gold-197
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what are isotopes
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atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
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isotopes also have different _____ _______ because they have diff numbers of neutrons
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mass numbers
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why are isotopes chemically alike
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they have identical numbers of protons and electrons
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wat are the three known isotopes of hydrogen
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hydrogen-1
hydrogen-2 hydrogen-3 |
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hydrogen-1
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most common hydrogen isotop
no neutrons mass number of 1 hydrogen |
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hydrogen-2
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one neutron
mass number of 2 deuterium |
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hydrogen-3
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two neutrons
mass number of 3 tritium |
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what is atomic mass unit (amu)
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1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom
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waht is the atomic mass of an element
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a weighted average mass of the atoms in a naturally occuring sample of the element
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what did Dmitri Meneleev do
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listed the elements in columns in order of increasing atomic mass
arranged the columns so that the elements with the most similar properites were side by side |
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dmitri mendeleev constructed
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the periodic table
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what is the periodic table
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an arrangement of the elements according to similaities in their properties
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why did mendeleev leave blank spaces in the table
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there were no known elements with the appropriate properties and masses
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what did henry mosely do
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determined the atomic number of the atoms of the elements
arranged the elements in a table by order of atomic number instead of atomic mass |
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how is the periodic table arranged today
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in order of atomic number
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where is the atomic number of each element shown
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centered above the symbol
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where is the atomic mass and the name of the element shown
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below the symbol
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the elements are listed in order of _______ atomic number
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increasing
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what are periods
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horizontal rows of the periodic table
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how many periods are there in the periodic table
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7
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what is the periodic law
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when the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number there is a periodic repitition of their physical and chemical properties.
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elements that have similar chemical an dphysical properties end up in the same
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column
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what is a group or family
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each vertical column of elements in the periodic table
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the elements in any group of the periodic table have similar
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physical and chemical properties
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what are Group A elements called and why
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representative particles
they exhibit a wide range of both physical and chemical properties |
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what are metals
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high electrical conductivey and a high luster when clean
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except for hydrogen, the reprentative particles onthe left side of the table are
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metals
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what are the Group 1A called
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alkali metals
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what are the Group 2A called
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alkaline earth meatls
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most of the elements that are not Group A elemnts are also metals which include
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transition metals and inner transition metals
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what are the Group A elements
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Group A1-Group7A and Group 0
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what do inner transtion and transition metals make up
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the Group B elements
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inner-transition metals
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appear below the main body of the periodic table
also called rare-earth metals |
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all metals are solid at room temp except for
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mercury
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about 80% of all elements are
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metals
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nonmetals occupy what part of the periodic table
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upper-right corner
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what are nonmetals
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elements that are generally nonlusterous and that are generally poor conductors of electricity
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the nonmetals of Group &A are caleld
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halogens
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wat are the nonmetals of group 0 known as
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noble gases
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what does the heavey stair-step line divide
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metals from nonmetals
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wat are most of the elements that border tisline
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metalloids
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what are metalloids
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elements with properties that are intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals
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what are the building materials of the substances that make up all living and nonliving things
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elements
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which elements tend to exist as isolated atoms
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noble gas elements
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what does monatomic mean
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they consist of single atoms
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what is a molecule
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the smallest electrically neutra unit of a substance that still has the properties of the substance
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what are molecules made up of
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two or more atoms that act as a unit
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what are molecular compounds
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compounds composed of molecules
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what do molecular compounds tend to have
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relatively low melting and boiling points
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what are the molecules in molecular compounds composed of
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two or more nonmetals
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the molecules of a given molecular compound
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are all the same
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what are ions
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atoms or groups of atoms that have a positive or negative charge
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when does an ion form
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when an atom or group of atoms loses or gains electrons
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what is a cation
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any atom or group of atoms that has a positive charge
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a cation has _____ electrons than the electrically neutral atom from which it formed
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fewer
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for metallic element, the name of a cation is the same as
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the name of the element
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what are anions
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atoms or groups of atoms that have a negative charge
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what are the building materials of the substances that make up all living and nonliving things
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elements
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which elements tend to exist as isolated atoms
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noble gas elements
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what does monatomic mean
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they consist of single atoms
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what is a molecule
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the smallest electrically neutra unit of a substance that still has the properties of the substance
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what are molecules made up of
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two or more atoms that act as a unit
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what are molecular compounds
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compounds composed of molecules
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what do molecular compounds tend to have
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relatively low melting and boiling points
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what are the molecules in molecular compounds composed of
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two or more nonmetals
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the molecules of a given molecular compound
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are all the same
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what are ions
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atoms or groups of atoms that have a positive or negative charge
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when does an ion form
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when an atom or group of atoms loses or gains electrons
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what is a cation
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any atom or group of atoms that has a positive charge
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a cation has _____ electrons than the electrically neutral atom from which it formed
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fewer
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for metallic element, the name of a cation is the same as
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the name of the element
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what are nions
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atoms or groups of atoms that have a negative charge
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what are ionic compounds
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compounds composed of cations and anions
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ionic compounds are usually composed of _____ cations and _____ anions
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metal, nonmetal
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what is a chemical formula
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shows the kinds and numbers of atoms in the smallest representative unit of the substance
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what is a molecular formula
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shows the kinds and numbers of atoms present in a molecule of a compound
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what is a formula unit
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the lowest whole-number ratio of ions in the compound
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what is the law of definite proportions
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that in samples of any chemical compound, the masses of the lements are aways in the same proportions
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what is the law of multiple proportions
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whenever two elements form more than one compound, the different masses of one element that combine with the same mass of the other element are in the ratio of small whole numbers
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what are monatomic ions
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ions consisting of only one atom
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what are polyatomic ions
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tightly bound groups of atoms that behave as a unit and carry a charge
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what are binary compounds
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compounds composed of two elements
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what is a ternary compound
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a compound that contains atoms of three diff elements
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mono
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1
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di
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2
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tri
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3
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tetra
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4
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penta
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5
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hexa
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6
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hepta
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7
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octa
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8
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nona
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9
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deca
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10
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binary molecular compounds are composed of
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two nonmetallic compounds
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what is the net ionic charge in an ionic compound
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zero
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what does an -ide ending generally indicate
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binary compound
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what does an -ite or -ate ending generally indicate
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polyatomic ion that includes oxygen in the formula
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prefixes in the name generally indicate
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that the compound is molecular
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a roman numberal after the name shows
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the ionic charge of the cation
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what is a mole
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6.02 x 10^23
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what is 6.02 x 10^23 called
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Avogadro's number
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what is a representative particle
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the species present in a substance: usually atoms, molecules, or formula units (ions)
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what is the reprsentative particle of most elements
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the atom
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what is gram atomic mass
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the atomic mass of an element expressed in grams
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what is the gram molecular mass
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the mass of 1 mol of that compound
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what is the gram formula mass
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the mass of one mole of an ionic compound
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what is molar mass
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mass in grams ofone mole of the substance
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what is standard temperature and pressure (STP)
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temp = 0 deg C
pressure = 101.3kPA 1 atmosphere |
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at STP 1 mol of any gas occupes a volume of
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22.4 L
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what is the molar volume of a gas
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the quantity of 22.4 L
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what is percent composition
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the percent by mass of each element in a compound
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what is the emperical formula
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the lowest whole-number ratio of th atoms of the elements in a compound
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what is a chemical equation
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the arrow separates the formulas of the reactants (left) from the formulas of the products (right)
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what is a skeleton equation
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a chemical equation that does not indicate the relative amounts of the reactans and products involved in the reaction
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what is a catalyst
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a substance that speeds up the rate of reaction but is not used up in the reaction
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what is a combination reaction
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when two or more substances combine to form a single substance
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what is a decomposition reaction
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a single compound is broken down into two or more products
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what is a catalyst
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a substance that speeds up the rate of reaction but is not used up in the reaction
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what is a catalyst
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a substance that speeds up the rate of reaction but is not used up in the reaction
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what is a combination reaction
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when two or more substances combine to form a single substance
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what is a single-replacement reaction
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one element replaces a second element in a compound
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what is a decomposition reaction
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a single compound is broken down into two or more products
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what is the activity series of metals
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lists metals in order of decreasing reactivy
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what is a combination reaction
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when two or more substances combine to form a single substance
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what does the activity series of metals mean
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if the metal that's replcing the other is higher than the one its replacing, there is a reaction
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what is a single-replacement reaction
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one element replaces a second element in a compound
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what is a decomposition reaction
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a single compound is broken down into two or more products
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what is a double-replacement reaction
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an exchange of positive ions between two reacting compounds
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what is the activity series of metals
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lists metals in order of decreasing reactivy
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what is a single-replacement reaction
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one element replaces a second element in a compound
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what is a combustion reaction
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an eleemnt or compound reacts with oxygen often producing energy as heat and light
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what does the activity series of metals mean
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if the metal that's replcing the other is higher than the one its replacing, there is a reaction
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what is a complete ionic equation
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an equation that shows dissolved ionic compunds as their free ions
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what is the activity series of metals
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lists metals in order of decreasing reactivy
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what is a double-replacement reaction
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an exchange of positive ions between two reacting compounds
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what are spectator ions
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ions that are not directly involved in a reaction
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what is a combustion reaction
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an eleemnt or compound reacts with oxygen often producing energy as heat and light
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what does the activity series of metals mean
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if the metal that's replcing the other is higher than the one its replacing, there is a reaction
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what is a net ionic equation
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indicates only particles that actually take part in the reaction
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what is a double-replacement reaction
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an exchange of positive ions between two reacting compounds
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what is stoichiometry
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the calculation of quantities in chemical reactions
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what is a complete ionic equation
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an equation that shows dissolved ionic compunds as their free ions
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what is a combustion reaction
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an eleemnt or compound reacts with oxygen often producing energy as heat and light
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what are spectator ions
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ions that are not directly involved in a reaction
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what is the limiting reagent
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limits or determines the amount of product that can be formed in a reaction
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what is a complete ionic equation
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an equation that shows dissolved ionic compunds as their free ions
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what is a net ionic equation
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indicates only particles that actually take part in the reaction
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what is the excess reagent
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the reactant that is not completely used up in a reaction
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what are spectator ions
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ions that are not directly involved in a reaction
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what is stoichiometry
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the calculation of quantities in chemical reactions
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what is the theoretical yield
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the maximum amount of product that could be formed from given amounts of reactants
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what is a net ionic equation
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indicates only particles that actually take part in the reaction
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what is the limiting reagent
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limits or determines the amount of product that can be formed in a reaction
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what is the excess reagent
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the reactant that is not completely used up in a reaction
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what is stoichiometry
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the calculation of quantities in chemical reactions
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what is the theoretical yield
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the maximum amount of product that could be formed from given amounts of reactants
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what is the limiting reagent
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limits or determines the amount of product that can be formed in a reaction
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what is the excess reagent
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the reactant that is not completely used up in a reaction
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